Pathology Lecture 1 Flashcards
pyelonephritis definition
infection of the renal pelvis ,calyces, tubules and intersititium
pyelonephritis can be
acute or chronic
pyelonephritis is a type of
upper urinary tract infection
acute pyelonephritis is most often caused by an
ascending infection from bacteria that has colonised the urethra and the bladder
most common pathogen causing pyelonephritis
E.coli
other pathogens causing pyelonephritis
pseudomonas and strep faecalis
risk factors for pyelonephritis
- female sex
- sexual intercourse
- indwelling catheters
- diabetes mellitus
- urinary tract obstruction: calculus, strictures and neoplasms
- vesico- ureteral reflux
vesico-urethral reflux is caused by
failure of the vesicle-ureteric orifice (which is the one way valve which allows urine to flow from the ureter into the bladder but stops urine flowing from the bladder back into the urethra)
causes of VUR
primary congenital defect or a bladder outlet obstruction
pyelonephritis can also occur due to
haematogenous spread but this is more rare and is a consequence of bacteraemia from sepsis or infective endocarditis
acute pyelonephritis is usually
unilateral, bacteria adhere to the renal epithelium of the tubules which triggers an inflammatory response
chemokines attract neutrophils to the renal intersitium ( typically the glomeruli and the vessels of the kidney are spared) as neutrophils die-off they pass through the urinary tract to be excreted in the urine
in acute pyelonephritis urinalysis shows
increased white cell count and white cell casts
presentation of acute pyelonephritis
fever, nausea, vomiting, flank pain at the cost-vertebral angle
costo-vertebral angle is the
acute angle formed on either side of the human back between the twelfth rib and vertebral column
treatment of acute pyelonephritis
antibioticsand fluids
chronic pyelonephritis
recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis causes the kidneys to become visibly scarred at which point it is called chronic pyelonephritis
acute and chronic pyelonephritis are type of
upper urinary tract infections
most common risk factor for recurrent acute pyelonephritis and therefore acute pyelonephritis is
vesico-ureteral reflux
VUR can be
caused by a primariy congenital defected or caused by a bladder outlet obstruction