Pathology Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

pyelonephritis definition

A

infection of the renal pelvis ,calyces, tubules and intersititium

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2
Q

pyelonephritis can be

A

acute or chronic

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3
Q

pyelonephritis is a type of

A

upper urinary tract infection

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4
Q

acute pyelonephritis is most often caused by an

A

ascending infection from bacteria that has colonised the urethra and the bladder

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5
Q

most common pathogen causing pyelonephritis

A

E.coli

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6
Q

other pathogens causing pyelonephritis

A

pseudomonas and strep faecalis

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7
Q

risk factors for pyelonephritis

A
  • female sex
  • sexual intercourse
  • indwelling catheters
  • diabetes mellitus
  • urinary tract obstruction: calculus, strictures and neoplasms
  • vesico- ureteral reflux
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8
Q

vesico-urethral reflux is caused by

A

failure of the vesicle-ureteric orifice (which is the one way valve which allows urine to flow from the ureter into the bladder but stops urine flowing from the bladder back into the urethra)

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9
Q

causes of VUR

A

primary congenital defect or a bladder outlet obstruction

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10
Q

pyelonephritis can also occur due to

A

haematogenous spread but this is more rare and is a consequence of bacteraemia from sepsis or infective endocarditis

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11
Q

acute pyelonephritis is usually

A

unilateral, bacteria adhere to the renal epithelium of the tubules which triggers an inflammatory response
chemokines attract neutrophils to the renal intersitium ( typically the glomeruli and the vessels of the kidney are spared) as neutrophils die-off they pass through the urinary tract to be excreted in the urine

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12
Q

in acute pyelonephritis urinalysis shows

A

increased white cell count and white cell casts

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13
Q

presentation of acute pyelonephritis

A

fever, nausea, vomiting, flank pain at the cost-vertebral angle

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14
Q

costo-vertebral angle is the

A

acute angle formed on either side of the human back between the twelfth rib and vertebral column

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15
Q

treatment of acute pyelonephritis

A

antibioticsand fluids

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16
Q

chronic pyelonephritis

A

recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis causes the kidneys to become visibly scarred at which point it is called chronic pyelonephritis

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17
Q

acute and chronic pyelonephritis are type of

A

upper urinary tract infections

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18
Q

most common risk factor for recurrent acute pyelonephritis and therefore acute pyelonephritis is

A

vesico-ureteral reflux

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19
Q

VUR can be

A

caused by a primariy congenital defected or caused by a bladder outlet obstruction

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20
Q

a bladder outlet obstruction causes

A

increased pressure within the bladder and causes urinary stasis making bacterial adherence easier

21
Q

bilateral obstruction affects

A

both kidneys and is caused by blockage of the urethra

22
Q

causes of blockage of the urethra

A
  • posterior urethral valve
  • benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • cervical carcinoma
23
Q

recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis causes

A

the renal intersitium to undergo fibrosis and scarring and causes atrophy of the renal tubules

24
Q

the changes in chronic pyelonephritis generally affect

A

the superior and inferior poles of the kidneys

25
Q

on imaging

A

ie a CT urogram the renal calyxes become flattened

26
Q

on histology

A

some tubules may be dilated and filled with colloid

27
Q

tuberculous pyelonephritis

A

haematogenonus spread from the lung caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

28
Q

presentation of tuberculous pyelonephritis is

A

vague with symptoms of weight loss, fever, loin pain, dysuria, sterile pyuria

29
Q

sterile pyuria

A

elevated numbers of white cell in the urine which appeared sterile using standard future techniques

30
Q

what is seen in tuberculous pyelonephritis

A

caseous foci which is slow growth with progressive renal destruction which spreads to ureters, bladder and other viscera

31
Q

what type of granuloma is seen in tuberculous pyeloneprhtis

A

caseous granulomatous inflammation which is ziehl nelson stain positive

32
Q

cystitis

A

acute inflammation of the bladder but can become necrotising is associated with a bladder outlet obstruction

33
Q

common organisms seen in cystitis

A

E.coli, Klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas

34
Q

cystitis cystica is also known as

A

urethritis cystica

35
Q

urethritis cystica is a

A

benign condition of the ureters representing multiple small submucosal cysts

36
Q

urethritis cystica is common in who

A

diabetics with recurrent UTIs

37
Q

schistosomiasis

A

parasitic disease caused by flukes (trematodes) of the genus shistosoma

38
Q

schistosomiasis is most common where

A

in tropical countries

39
Q

what is the type of schistosomiasis which causes urinary schistosomiasis

A

s. hematobium

40
Q

schistosomiasis predisposes to what

A

urothelial malignancy particularly squamous carcinoma

41
Q

urinary tract obstruction is usually a

A

urethral obstruction which is confined to males and causes include strictures, posterior urethral valves, prostatic disease

42
Q

prolonged bladder outlet obstruction causes

A

hypertrophy of the detrusor muscle leading to the formation of diverticulum

43
Q

hydronephrotsis literally means

A

water in the kidney

44
Q

hydronephrosis causes

A

urinary tract obstruction and reflux

45
Q

bilateral hydronephrosis caused by

A
  • urethral obstruction, neurogenic disturbance, VUR, bilateral ureteric obstruction (e.g advanced carcinoma of the cervix)
46
Q

unilateral hydronephrosis caused by

A

calculi, neoplasms, pelvics-ureteric obstruction, strictures

47
Q

presentation of hydronephrosis

A
  • if sudden and there is a complete obstruction urein production will cease and there is little pelicalyceal dilation
  • if gradual and there is a partial obstruction urine production will continue but there will be pelvicalyceal dilation
48
Q

if hydronephrosis is severe

A

there will be marked cortical thinning, atrophy and fibrosis and secondary infection often follows urinary stasis (pyonephrosis)