haematuria

Question 1

haematuria means

Answer 1

blood in the urine

Question 2

haematuria is classified as

Answer 2

1. Visible haematuria (macroscopic or gross haematuria)

2. Non-visible haematuria (microscopic haematuria)

Question 3

non-visible haematuria can be

Answer 3

• asymptomatic (incidental finding)
• symptomatic with upper urinary tract symptoms (renal colic pain) or lower urinary tracy symptoms (dysuria, frequency, hesitancy, urgency)

Question 4

other causes of red urine

Answer 4

• food (beetroot, blackberries)
• myoglobin (rhabdomyolysis)
• drugs (rifampicin, nitrofurantoin, chloroquine, doxyrubin)

Question 5

all cases of macroscopic haematuria

Answer 5

must be referred to urology because of the risk of malignancy

Question 6

in those with microscopic haematuria increased risk of malignancy in

Answer 6

• smokers
• analgesia abuse
• occupational exposure to certain chemicals or dyes
• age greater than 40
• history of urological disease, irritative voiding symptoms)

Question 7

benign causes of haematuria

Answer 7

• urethritis, cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis
• renal calculi
• sports haematuria in long distance runners (resolves within a week usually)
• trauma

Question 8

malignant cuases

Answer 8

• any tumour of the renal tract
• prostate cancer
• malignant tumour which has invaded the renal tract

Question 9

clots in the urine

Answer 9

vermiform (wormlike) clots especially along with flank pain means the bleeding is most likely coming from the upper urinary tract

Question 10

ask about timing of bleeding

Answer 10

is it initial, terminal or total

Question 11

if it is initial bleeding most likely coming from

Answer 11

the urethra or prostate gland

Question 12

schistosomiasis increases risk of

Answer 12

squamous cell carcinoma