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Renal and Urology > Pathology Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Pathology Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main tumour of the penis

A

95% are squamous cell carcinomas

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2
Q

erythroplasia of queyrat

A
  • non-keratinising squamous cell carcinoma in situ

- glans and prepuce of the penis are most commonly involved

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3
Q

presentation of erythropalsia of query

A

velvety red plaques on the glans penis and the inner prepuce

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4
Q

bowens disease

A
  • keratinising squamous cell carcinoma in situ

- pigmented lesions affecting follicle bearing areas of the penile shaft and scrotum

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5
Q

in both erythroplasia of query there is

A

full thickness dysplasia of the epidermis

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6
Q

how many erythroplasia of queryat and bowens disease progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma

A

only 5%

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7
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of the penic occurs almost exclusively

A

in uncircumcised men

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8
Q

aetiology of squamous cell carcinoma

A

poor hygiene and human papilloma virus type 16 and 18

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9
Q

squamous cell carcinoma of the scortum seen in who

A

chimney sweeps caused by exposure to soot

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10
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia affects

A

at least 75% of men over the age of 70 but only 5% have significant symptoms

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11
Q

BPH is caused by

A

irregular proliferation of the glandular and stroll prostatic tissue

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12
Q

aetiology of BPH

A

hormonal imbalance, alteration of the androgen/ oestrogen ratio because as you get older the amount of testosterone falls and the levels of oesoregn increase

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13
Q

what part of the prostate gland is particularly responsive to oestrogen

A

the central part which is whereto hyper plastic mostly occurs

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14
Q

the hyperplasia can cause

A

a bladder outlet obstruction causing prostatism resulting in urinary hesitance, poor stream and overflow incontinence

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15
Q

if untreated BPH CAUSES

A

Diverticulum formation and hydronephrosis

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16
Q

management of BPH

A

1ST LINE= LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS
2ND LINE= ALPHA BLOCKER (TAMSULOSIN), 5-DHT INHIBITOR (FINESTARIDE)
LAST LINE- TURP

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17
Q

Carcinoma of the prostate peak incidence

A

60-80

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18
Q

increased risk of carcinoma of the prostate if

A

first degree relative affected at a young age

19
Q

carcinoma of the prostate is

A

not associated with BPH however, both tend to exist within the same gland

20
Q

Carcinoma of prostate arises mainly

A

in the peripheral ducts and glands particularly at the posterior lobe, the peri-urethral zone becomes involved at a later staff

21
Q

local spread of prostatic carcinoma

A

urethra, capsular, seminal vesicles, bladder and rectum

22
Q

lymphatic spread of prostaitci carcinoma

A

sacral iliac and para-aortic nodes

23
Q

blood spread of prostatic carcinoma

A

to the bone, lungs and liver

24
Q

prostate cancer metastasises to bone and causes

A

OTOSCLEROTIC LESIONS RATHER THAN LYTIC LESIONS

25
Q

TUMOUR MARKER FOR PROSTATE CANCER

A

prostate specific antigen

26
Q

testicualr tumours

A

only accounts for 1% of cancer deaths but are the most common solid organ malignancy in young adult males

27
Q

testicualr maldescent increases risk of testicuarl cancer by

A

10 fold

28
Q

presenting complaint of testicular tumour

A

painless testicuarl enlargement can be associated with a hydroecel and gynaecomastias

29
Q

classification of testicualr tumours

A
  • Germ cell tumour are by far the most common accounting for 90%
  • remaining 10% are lymphomas, leukaemia, stromal tumours (leydig and sertolli cells) of metastases
30
Q

para-testicualr tours

A

adenomatoid tumours and sarcomas

31
Q

germ cell tumours can be

A

seminomas teratomas or mixed

32
Q

seminoma is the

A

commonest form of germ cell tumour accounting for 40% of germ cell tumours

33
Q

seminomas are very rare

A

before puberty and most common between the age of 30-50

34
Q

macroscopic appearance of seminoma

A

solid homogenous potato appearance

35
Q

microscopic appearance

A

large clear tumour cell with variable stroll lymphocytic infiltration on microscopy

36
Q

sminomas spread

A

lymphatic ally to the para-aortic nodes and can spread to th liver and the lungs

37
Q

survival rate of seminomas

A

greater than 95% wit radiotherapy

38
Q

tumour marker for seminoams

A

PLAP

39
Q

Teratoma

A

accounts for 30% of germ cell tumours

40
Q

teratomas consist of tissue from

A

all 3 germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm

41
Q

peak incidence of teratoma

A

between the age of 20-30 but can occur in childhood

42
Q

macroscopic appearance of teratomas

A

variable with solid areas cysts haemorrhage and necrosis

43
Q

tumour marker for teratomas

A

beta- HCG

44
Q

Mixed seminoma/ teratoma

A

accounts for 10% of germ cell tumours

- serinoma with any variant of a teratoma

Renal and Urology (51 decks)

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