Physiology Flashcards
In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve how does a left shift affect affinity?
Affinity is Increased (Wants to hold on to O2)
In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve how does a right shift affect affinity?
Affinity is decreased (Wants to let go of O2)
In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve what 3 things cause a right shift?
-Increased Temperature
-Increased 2, 3-DPG
-Increased H+
In the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve what 4 things cause a left shift?
-Decreased Temperature
-Decreased 2,3-DPG
-Decreased H+
-CO (Carbon Monoxide)
What is a Ligand?
Signaling molecule used by the body for cells to communicate with other cells
Where is Albumin made? What is it made of? What are its 2 purposes?
-Made in Liver
-Is a protein
1) Enters blood stream and using oncotic pressure helps keep fluid from leaking out of your vessels .
2) Carries a variety of substances such as Ligand.
Decrease in cell size is called?
Atrophy
Increase in cell size is called?
Hypertrophy
Increase in cell number is called?
Hyperplasia
Alteration in cell size, shape, and organization is called?
Dysplasia
A cell type is replaced by another is called?
Metaplasia
The human body is composed primarily of ?
Water
Homeostasis can be upset by excessive output or input of?
Fluids
The degree of fluid imbalance required to compromise homeostasis and cause illness depends on the patient’s?
-Size
-Age
-Underlying medical conditions
An Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial space is called?
Edema
-Increased capillary pressure
-Decreased colloidal osmotic pressure
-Lymphatic vessel obstruction
are examples of?
Edema
Normal Level of Sodium Electrolyte
-136 to 142 mEq/L
-Hypertonic fluid deficit: Caused by excess water loss without proportionate loss of sodium
-Hypotonic fluid deficit: Caused by excess sodium loss with less water loss
Normal Level of Potassium Electrolyte
-Normal level: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
-Hypokalemia: Decreased serum potassium level
-Hyperkalemia: Elevated serum potassium level
Assessment for Edema should include?
-Auscultation of breath sounds
-Evaluation for pedal/sacral edema and jugular venous distention
-Electrocardiogram (ECG) and vital sounds
-Treatment may include continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), supplemental oxygen, positional therapy, nitrates, and diuretics
Decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water indicates
Isotonic fluid deficit
Increase in extracellular fluid with proportionate increases in both sodium and water indicates?
Isotonic fluid excess
Normal Level Calcium Electrolyte
-Normal level: 8.2 to 10.2 mg/dL
-Hypocalcemia: Decreased serum calcium level
-Hypercalcemia: Increased serum calcium level
Normal Level Phosphate Electrolyte
-Normal level: 2.3 to 4.7 mg/dL
-Hypophosphatemia: Decreased phosphate level
-Hyperphosphatemia: Increased phosphate level
Normal Level Magnesium Electrolyte
-Normal level: 1.3 to 2.1 mEq/L
-Hypomagnesemia: Decreased magnesium level
-Hypermagnesemia: Increased magnesium level
What is Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?
Fluctuations in pH due to bicarbonate level
*A disorder not correctable by buffers initiates compensatory mechanisms
What is Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?
Fluctuations in pH due to respiratory disorders
*A disorder not correctable by buffers initiates compensatory mechanisms
Respiratory acidosis causes include?
-Related to hypoventilation
-Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) creates acidosis over time.
-Compensatory mechanism is the renal buffer system.
Respiratory alkalosis causes include?
-Associated with conditions that result in hyperventilation
-Carbon dioxide levels in the blood drop.
-Renal system retains H+ ions.
Any acidosis not related to the respiratory system is
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic acidosis causes include?
-Lactic acidosis
-Ketoacidosis
-Gastrointestinal (GI) losses
-Ingestion of drugs or toxins
What occurs with excessive acid loss?
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis causes include?
-Excessive vomiting
-Excessive water intake
-Nasogastric suctioning
-Excessive intake of alkaline substances
What is cellular Injury?
Manifestations depend on how many and which types of cells are damaged.
Caused by:
Hypoxia, ischemia, chemical injury, infectious injury, immunologic injury, physical damage, and inflammatory injury
Cell death is followed by?
necrosis
Hypoxic Injury may result from?
-Decreased O2 in air
-Loss of hemoglobin function
-Decreased number of red blood cells
-Disease of respiratory or cardiovascular system
-Loss of cytochromes
Causes of chemical cellular injury includes?
-Common poisons: Cyanide and pesticides
-Lead: Long-term ingestion leads to brain injury and neurologic dysfunction
-Carbon monoxide: Binds to hemoglobin and prevents adequate oxygenation of tissues
-Ethanol: May result in CNS depression, hypoventilation, and cardiovascular collapse
-Pharmacologic agents: Produce toxic products when metabolized in the body
Causes of Infectious cellular Injury include?
Occurs as a result of an invasion of bacteria, fungi, or viruses
Virulence: Measures disease-causing ability
Pathogenicity: Function of microorganism’s ability to reproduce and cause disease
-Bacteria
-Viruses
Bacteria
-Possess a capsule that protects them from phagocytes
-Categorized depending on Gram staining
-Produce exotoxins or endotoxins
-White blood cells release endogenous pyrogens (cause a fever).
-The body’s most common reaction is inflammation.
Viruses
-Intracellular parasites
-Consists of nucleic acid core of RNA or DNA
-Capsid: Protects from phagocytosis
-Replication occurs inside host cell.
-Symbiotic relationship may be the cause of an unapparent infection
What is Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury?
-Inflammation is a protective response and
can be triggered by physical, chemical, or microbiologic agent
Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury Effects:
-Local effects: Dilation of blood vessels and increased vascular permeability
-Systemic effects: Temperature elevation and increased leukocytes
-Cellular membranes may be injured in process
Injurious Genetic Factors of the Cell include?
Genetic factors include:
-Chromosomal disorders
-Premature development of atherosclerosis
-Obesity
Abnormal gene may develop:
-If gene mutates during meiosis
-By heredity
-Due to other causes later in life
Injurious Nutritional Imbalances include?
Injurious nutritional imbalances include:
-Obesity
-Malnutrition
-Vitamin or mineral excess or deficit
Can lead to:
-Alterations in physical growth
-Mental and intellectual retardation
-Death
Injurious Physical Agents or Conditions of the Cell include?
Physical agents include:
-Heat
-Cold
-Radiation
Degree of cell injury is determined by:
-Strength of agent
-Length of exposure
What is apoptosis?
A normal cell death.
During apoptosis:
Cells exhibit characteristic nuclear changes and die in clusters.
Controlled degradation allows their remnants to be taken up and reused:
Cells exhibit characteristic nuclear changes and die in clusters.
Controlled degradation allows their remnants to be taken up and reused
Apoptosis premature activation by pathologic factors include?
-Forms of heart failure
-Death of hepatocytes
-Inhibition of normal function
What is Necrosis?
Abnormal Cell Death
Result of morphologic changes following cell death:
-Simple: Gross and microscopic tissue and cells are recognizable
-Derived: Caseation necrosis, dry gangrene, fat necrosis, liquefaction necrosis
Example of a structural protein..
Collagen
Example of a transport protein..
Hemoglobin
Example of a storage protein..
Ferritin
Protein that stores iron in the cells.
Describe the Central Dogma
Starts with DNA. It can be replicated and/or transribed into RNA. RNA is translated into proteins.
This is how almost everything in our body gets created.
What is found in the Golgi Body?
-Proteins made in the rough ER float along and enter the golgi body.
-Responsible for modifying and packaging these proteins.
-Enter the small side (cis face) of the golgi body, exit the trans face.
