Cardiac Flashcards
What is Inotropy?
Force of cardiac contraction (Regulated by the autonomic nervous system)
What is Chronotropy?
Heart rate (Regulated by the autonomic nervous system)
What is Dromotropy?
Speed of conduction specifically dealing with the AV node.
What does the “T” wave represent?
The ventricles repolarizing
What does the “QRS” represent? What other process is occuring in the middle of the “QRS”?
-Ventricles contracting.
-Atrial polarization
What does the “P” wave represent?
Atria depolarizing and the atria contracting
What is the S1 “Lub” sound and when does it occur?
-Bi/Tricuspid Closing
-Systole
What is the S2 “Dub” sound and when does it occur?
-Aortic and Pulmonary valves closing
-Diastole
What is the S3 “da” sound and when does it occur?
-Extra fluid sloshing
-Ventricular diastole
What is the S4 “bla” sound and when does it occur?
-Ventricle too thick
-Atrial systole
What is Preload affected by?
-Venous blood pressure
-Venous return
What systems affect Preload?
-The thoracoabdominal pump (ability to pump blood back to heart through pressure)
-The skeletal muscles in the legs (muscles contract to “milk” blood back to heart)
What is Afterload?
-Systemic pressure that the ventricles have to push against. –Also known as the amount of pressure the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction
What is preload?
-Force that stretches the cardiac muscle before contraction.
-Composed of the volume that fills the heart form venous return. The more it fills the more it will contract (Starling’s Law)
What does the Sodium (Na+)/Potassium (K+) do for a cell?
Exchanges Na+ and K+ at the cost of energy, bringing the cell back to resting potential
What is occuring in the repolarization phase of the contractile myocardium?
Potassium (K+) finishes rushing out of the cell
What is occuring in the plateau phase of the contractile myocardium?
A small bit of Potassium (K+) rushes out of a cell, Calcium (Ca++) rushes in causing a plateau in the potential of the cell
What is occurring in the Depolarization phase of the contractile myocardium?
Sodium (Na+) rushes into cell. Action potential increases.
What is the travel order of electrical impulse in cardiac function?
1) Sinoatrial Node (SA) 60-100
2) Atrioventricular Node (AV) Pause 40-60
3) Through Bundle of HIS
4) Down Bundle Branches (Right and Left)
5) Through Purkinje Fibers
What are the Semilunar valves of the heart?
-Pulmonary
-Aortic
What are the 3 tissue layers of the heart?
-Epicardium
-Myocardium
-Endocardium
What are the 3 main branches of the Left Coronary Artery?
-Left Anterior Descending
-Left Descending Circumflex
-Posterior Descending
What are the 2 main branches of the Right Coronary Atery?
-Right Marginal Artery
-Posterior Descending Artery
What is the normal pulse rate of an adult?
60-100
What is the normal pulse rate of a child 1-2 years old?
98-140
Ask PHTLS why 98 lol
What is the normal pulse rate of a child 3-5 years old?
80-120
what is the normal pulse rate of a child 6-12 years old?
75-118
Ask PHTLS why 118 lol
What is ejection fraction?
The percentage of blood ejected from a filled ventricle.
What do these findings sound like?
-Transcient chest pain due to myocardial ischemia
-Often provoked by exertion or stress
-Typically lasts less than 30 min.
-Resolved with rest or nitro.
Angina (stable angina)
What findings are common with left heart failure?
-Dyspnea
-Pulmonary edema
Left ventricular dysfuntion causes baskpressure into pulmonary circulation. MI is a common cause of left heart failure.
What findings are common with right heart failure?
-JVD
-Pedal Edema
Left heart failure is the most frequent cause of right heart failure. Right ventricular dysfunction causes backpressure into systemic venous circulation.
Management of CHF..
-Avoid placing supine
-Supplemental oxygen as needed
-CPAP as indicated
-IV Access
-ECG Monitoring
-Nitro as indicated
Narcotics and diuretics in CHF patients have shown to be ineffective and possibly harmful.
What do these signs/symptoms sound like:
-Chest Pain
-Dyspnea
-Beck’s Triad (JVD, narrowing pulse pressure, muffled heart tones)
Cardiac Tamponade
