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P1EXAM > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to arterial PCO2 in pregnancy?

A

Arterial PCO2 reduces in pregnancy

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2
Q

What is the normal rate of urine output per hour?

A

0.5ml/Kg/hr

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3
Q

What is the mot important function of progesteron in the cycle?

A

Decidua formation

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4
Q

What CTG feature is never physiological during the second stage of labour

A

Late decelerations

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5
Q

What is the main cation of extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

ECF: Na+ and Cl-
ICF: K+ and PO4-

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6
Q

What is the change of the axis of the heart in normal pregnancy

A

-30 to +90

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7
Q

What mechanism is required for myometrial contraction?

A

Electron transport chain

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8
Q

B HCG in pregnancy would peak at

A

8 - 12 weeks

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9
Q

Pregnancy loss after corpus luteum ‘removal ‘/failure is due to loss of which hormone?

A

Progesterone

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10
Q

Endometrial biopsy shows minimal stroma. What type of endometrium is this?

A

Atrophic

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11
Q

What is the effect of anti-mullerian hormone (aka mullerian inhibiting hormone MIH)

A

Inhibits the development of the female reproductive tract, or Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts)

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12
Q

Which of these is not a physiological effect of pregnancy:
Back ache
Dysuria
Constipation
Tiredness

A

Dysuria

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13
Q

Closure of ductus arteriosus following lung inflation shortly after birth is mediated by which vasoactive substance?

A

Bradykinin

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14
Q

Female breast fed baby continuously for 1 year. what was the mechanism behind this?

A

Lobular hyperplasia

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15
Q

proximal urethral epithelium

A

Transitional

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16
Q

Which type of Hb contains 2 alpha and two gamma chains

A

HbF

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17
Q

Secretory phase - predominant histological findings in uterine endometrial cells
a. Cubidol cells
b. Pseudostradified columnar cells
c. columnar with Vacuole formation

A

columnar with vacuole formation

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18
Q

Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during the initial stage of pregnancy?

A

HCG

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19
Q

What organ removes old red blood cells?

A

Spleen

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20
Q

What % of total body water is intracellular

A

66%

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21
Q

What is the total blood volume rise in normal pregnancy? (ml/kg)

A

100ml/kg

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22
Q

Which region of the placenta is in direct contact with maternal side?

A

Maternal endothelium
(outer syncytiotrophoblast)

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23
Q

Which type of tissue does the non pregnant breast consist of primarily?

A

Fatty

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24
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the lower urethra near the external urethral orifice?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized

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25
Q

What day of a regular 25-day menstrual cycle is a woman likely to ovulate?

A

11

(luteal phase, ie the second part, is fixed at 14 days)

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26
Q

which enzyme is secreted by the placenta to induce fetal diuresis?

A

Vasopressinase

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27
Q

Spirometry. What is ERV + RV

A

Functional Residual Capacity

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28
Q

Physiological anaemia of pregnancy is due to?

A

Disproportionate increase in plasma volume

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29
Q

Cardiac output after delivery

A

60 - 80%

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30
Q

Which factors do not rise in normal pregnancy?

A

XI and XIII

31
Q

In which phase of oocyte development does zona pellucida apear around ovum?

A

Primary Oocyte

32
Q

Is Magnesium changed before excretion? How is it excreted?

A

No. Excreted unchanged in urine

33
Q

Vitamin A has 2 diet sources. Plant source is carotene and the biochemical name for the animal source is

A

Retinol

34
Q

What is the total percentage increase in plasma volume by term compared to a non-pregnant woman?

A

30-50%

35
Q

Histological type of endometrium that is enlarged and has tortous glands

A

Proliferative endometrium

36
Q

Natural Killer Cells (NK) increase significantly at which stage of endometrial cycle?

A

Late secretory

37
Q

Physiological variation in menstrual cycle between 21 to 35 days - which phase and due to which mechanism

A

Follicular phase:
estrogen fails to produce positive feedback on pituitary

38
Q

Which types of cells are phagocytic for residual bodies left over from the process of spermiogenesis?

A

Sertoli cells

39
Q

What is the average combined insensible loss of water per day in a healthy 70 yr old woman?
2 sources are epidermal and respiratory.

A

800mls / day minimum

40
Q

The Haldane effect refers to

A

The increased capacity for deoxygenated blood to carry CO2

41
Q

Definition of Tidal Volume

A

amount of air that goes in and out of the lungs during normal respiration

42
Q

What is the half life of LH

A

20 minutes

43
Q

What is the half life of FSH

A

3-5 hours

44
Q

What exist between cells to allow rapid transfer of molecules and ions

A

gap junctions

45
Q

What is the precursor to serotonin

A

Tryptophan

I am a big fan/phan of serotonin

46
Q

What makes up the vital capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

47
Q

What makes up the functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume

Note q comes up pointing to the residual volume

48
Q

What makes up the total lung capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume

49
Q

Prostaglandin is:
autocrine / paracrine / endocrine

A

prostaglandin is paracrine

50
Q

What is the antigen and antibody status of someone with group O blood?

A

negative for A and B antigens
(means no ‘signs’ of A/B types)

Have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies

51
Q

Which cell type lines the endocervix

A

Columnar epithelium

52
Q

Which hormone stimulates milk let down in response to suckling

A

oxytocin

53
Q

After implantation X X invade the spiral arteries. Spiral arteries are found in the X and X

A

After implantation extravillous cytotrophoblasts invade the spiral arteries which are found in the decidua and myometrium

54
Q

What happens to the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in pregnancy?

A

There is no change (?)

55
Q

What is a normal residual volume (lung) in a 65 year old

A

1L

56
Q

At what gestational age does foetal haematopoetic function begin (hepatic before myeloid)

A

6 weeks hepatic starts

57
Q

Physiology of ejaculation (2 steps)
Nerves

A

Step 1 thoracolumbar T10 - L2
Contraction epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate = bolus at posterior urethra

Step 2 pudendal S2-4
Contraction periurethral and pelvic floor muscles = ejection

58
Q

How many sperm are made per day

A

3 million

59
Q

In early labour, pain is referred to which dermatomes?

A

T11 + T12
Then spreads either side to:
T10 and L1

Late labour - vaginal S2-4

60
Q

What protein does Vitamin B12 combine with in order to be absorbed in the small intestine

A

Intrinsic Factor

61
Q

How do peptides (i.e. chains of amino acids) cross the placenta

A

Active transport

62
Q

How does glucose cross the placenta?

A

Facilitated diffusion

63
Q

How do fatty acids cross the placenta?

A

Simple diffusion

64
Q

How long does it take a resting ovarian follicle to mature?

A

80 days total
Initiation [65] recruitment [5] selection [10] ovulation

But can be resting (pre initiation) for a long time, booklet says 300 days is total

65
Q

What day does implantation occur on

A

Day 6

Morula day 3
Blastocyst day 4-5
Implantation day 6

66
Q

At birth placenta separates from which layer?

A

Decidua basalis

67
Q

In normal pregnancy, later in gestation, which layers fuse to obliterate the endometrial cavity?

A

decidua capsularis merges with the decidua parietalis

68
Q

Which clotting factors do not change
Which anticoagulation factor decreases in pregnancy

A

Do not change: XI and XIII (11 and 13)

Decrease in protein S

69
Q

What happens in pregnancy to
Plasma volume
Haematocrit
Blood volume

A

Plasma volume increases
Haematocrit decreases (dilution)
Blood volume increases

Note RBC mass does increase but not as much as plasma volume

70
Q

What type of cell junctions help transmission of small molecules in the placenta

A

Gap junctions

71
Q

Correct sequence of sperm penetrating the oocyte

A

Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Perivitelline space
Plasma membrane

72
Q

What is the main carbohydrate in breast milk?

A

Lactose

73
Q

Which type of oocyte undergoes meiosis 2 and when?

A

secondary oocyte, at fertilisation

74
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle called (for both ovulation and endometrium)?
Which one is fixed?

A

Follicular –> luteal
Proliferative –> secretory

Luteal phase is fixed at 14 days

Whereas different people have different feedback cycle times for their E2 to trigger an LH surge = variable follicular phase

P1EXAM (27 decks)

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