Physiology Flashcards
What happens to arterial PCO2 in pregnancy?
Arterial PCO2 reduces in pregnancy
What is the normal rate of urine output per hour?
0.5ml/Kg/hr
What is the mot important function of progesteron in the cycle?
Decidua formation
What CTG feature is never physiological during the second stage of labour
Late decelerations
What is the main cation of extracellular fluid?
Sodium
ECF: Na+ and Cl-
ICF: K+ and PO4-
What is the change of the axis of the heart in normal pregnancy
-30 to +90
What mechanism is required for myometrial contraction?
Electron transport chain
B HCG in pregnancy would peak at
8 - 12 weeks
Pregnancy loss after corpus luteum ‘removal ‘/failure is due to loss of which hormone?
Progesterone
Endometrial biopsy shows minimal stroma. What type of endometrium is this?
Atrophic
What is the effect of anti-mullerian hormone (aka mullerian inhibiting hormone MIH)
Inhibits the development of the female reproductive tract, or Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts)
Which of these is not a physiological effect of pregnancy:
Back ache
Dysuria
Constipation
Tiredness
Dysuria
Closure of ductus arteriosus following lung inflation shortly after birth is mediated by which vasoactive substance?
Bradykinin
Female breast fed baby continuously for 1 year. what was the mechanism behind this?
Lobular hyperplasia
proximal urethral epithelium
Transitional
Which type of Hb contains 2 alpha and two gamma chains
HbF
Secretory phase - predominant histological findings in uterine endometrial cells
a. Cubidol cells
b. Pseudostradified columnar cells
c. columnar with Vacuole formation
columnar with vacuole formation
Which hormone maintains the corpus luteum during the initial stage of pregnancy?
HCG
What organ removes old red blood cells?
Spleen
What % of total body water is intracellular
66%
What is the total blood volume rise in normal pregnancy? (ml/kg)
100ml/kg
Which region of the placenta is in direct contact with maternal side?
Maternal endothelium
(outer syncytiotrophoblast)
Which type of tissue does the non pregnant breast consist of primarily?
Fatty
Which type of epithelium lines the lower urethra near the external urethral orifice?
stratified squamous non-keratinized
What day of a regular 25-day menstrual cycle is a woman likely to ovulate?
11
(luteal phase, ie the second part, is fixed at 14 days)
which enzyme is secreted by the placenta to induce fetal diuresis?
Vasopressinase
Spirometry. What is ERV + RV
Functional Residual Capacity
Physiological anaemia of pregnancy is due to?
Disproportionate increase in plasma volume
Cardiac output after delivery
60 - 80%
Which factors do not rise in normal pregnancy?
XI and XIII
In which phase of oocyte development does zona pellucida apear around ovum?
Primary Oocyte
Is Magnesium changed before excretion? How is it excreted?
No. Excreted unchanged in urine
Vitamin A has 2 diet sources. Plant source is carotene and the biochemical name for the animal source is
Retinol
What is the total percentage increase in plasma volume by term compared to a non-pregnant woman?
30-50%
Histological type of endometrium that is enlarged and has tortous glands
Proliferative endometrium
Natural Killer Cells (NK) increase significantly at which stage of endometrial cycle?
Late secretory
Physiological variation in menstrual cycle between 21 to 35 days - which phase and due to which mechanism
Follicular phase:
estrogen fails to produce positive feedback on pituitary
Which types of cells are phagocytic for residual bodies left over from the process of spermiogenesis?
Sertoli cells
What is the average combined insensible loss of water per day in a healthy 70 yr old woman?
2 sources are epidermal and respiratory.
800mls / day minimum
The Haldane effect refers to
The increased capacity for deoxygenated blood to carry CO2
Definition of Tidal Volume
amount of air that goes in and out of the lungs during normal respiration
What is the half life of LH
20 minutes
What is the half life of FSH
3-5 hours
What exist between cells to allow rapid transfer of molecules and ions
gap junctions
What is the precursor to serotonin
Tryptophan
I am a big fan/phan of serotonin
What makes up the vital capacity?
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
What makes up the functional residual capacity?
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume
Note q comes up pointing to the residual volume
What makes up the total lung capacity?
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Residual volume
Prostaglandin is:
autocrine / paracrine / endocrine
prostaglandin is paracrine
What is the antigen and antibody status of someone with group O blood?
negative for A and B antigens
(means no ‘signs’ of A/B types)
Have both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Which cell type lines the endocervix
Columnar epithelium
Which hormone stimulates milk let down in response to suckling
oxytocin
After implantation X X invade the spiral arteries. Spiral arteries are found in the X and X
After implantation extravillous cytotrophoblasts invade the spiral arteries which are found in the decidua and myometrium
What happens to the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in pregnancy?
There is no change (?)
What is a normal residual volume (lung) in a 65 year old
1L
At what gestational age does foetal haematopoetic function begin (hepatic before myeloid)
6 weeks hepatic starts
Physiology of ejaculation (2 steps)
Nerves
Step 1 thoracolumbar T10 - L2
Contraction epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate = bolus at posterior urethra
Step 2 pudendal S2-4
Contraction periurethral and pelvic floor muscles = ejection
How many sperm are made per day
3 million
In early labour, pain is referred to which dermatomes?
T11 + T12
Then spreads either side to:
T10 and L1
Late labour - vaginal S2-4
What protein does Vitamin B12 combine with in order to be absorbed in the small intestine
Intrinsic Factor
How do peptides (i.e. chains of amino acids) cross the placenta
Active transport
How does glucose cross the placenta?
Facilitated diffusion
How do fatty acids cross the placenta?
Simple diffusion
How long does it take a resting ovarian follicle to mature?
80 days total
Initiation [65] recruitment [5] selection [10] ovulation
But can be resting (pre initiation) for a long time, booklet says 300 days is total
What day does implantation occur on
Day 6
Morula day 3
Blastocyst day 4-5
Implantation day 6
At birth placenta separates from which layer?
Decidua basalis
In normal pregnancy, later in gestation, which layers fuse to obliterate the endometrial cavity?
decidua capsularis merges with the decidua parietalis
Which clotting factors do not change
Which anticoagulation factor decreases in pregnancy
Do not change: XI and XIII (11 and 13)
Decrease in protein S
What happens in pregnancy to
Plasma volume
Haematocrit
Blood volume
Plasma volume increases
Haematocrit decreases (dilution)
Blood volume increases
Note RBC mass does increase but not as much as plasma volume
What type of cell junctions help transmission of small molecules in the placenta
Gap junctions
Correct sequence of sperm penetrating the oocyte
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Perivitelline space
Plasma membrane
What is the main carbohydrate in breast milk?
Lactose
Which type of oocyte undergoes meiosis 2 and when?
secondary oocyte, at fertilisation
What are the phases of the menstrual cycle called (for both ovulation and endometrium)?
Which one is fixed?
Follicular –> luteal
Proliferative –> secretory
Luteal phase is fixed at 14 days
Whereas different people have different feedback cycle times for their E2 to trigger an LH surge = variable follicular phase
