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P1EXAM > Original Statistics and Epidemiology > Flashcards

Original Statistics and Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

How does the WHO define the perinatal mortality rate?

A

The number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1000 live births

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2
Q

How do MBRRACE define maternal MORTALITY?

A

The number of direct and indirect deaths per 100,000 pregnancies

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3
Q

How do MBRRACE define maternal DEATH?

A

A death that occured during pregnancy or within 42 days of the end of the pregnancy

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4
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Square root of variance

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5
Q

What is variance?

A

Standard deviation squared

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6
Q

What is the definition of sensitivity?

A

The proportion of individuals with the disease that were correctly identified by the test

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7
Q

What is the definition of specificity?

A

The proportion of individuals without the disease who were correctly identified by the test

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8
Q

What is an accurate test used for measuring distribution?

A

Kolmogorov-Smirnov

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9
Q

What is a method of estimating distribution?

A

Histogram

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10
Q

What test is used to compare means between two separate groups of PARAMETRIC data?

A

Independant student t-test

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11
Q

What test is used to compare means between two separate groups of NON-PARAMETRIC data?

A

Mann-Whitney U

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12
Q

What test is used to compare results between two paired sample of PARAMETRIC data?

A

Paired student t-test

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13
Q

What test is used to compare results between two paired sample of NON-PARAMETRIC data?

A

Wilcoxon signed rank

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14
Q

What test is used to compare three or more measurements on one subject of PARAMETRIC data?

A

Repeated ANOVA

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15
Q

What test is used to compare three or more measurements on one subject of NON-PARAMETRIC data?

A

Friedman

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16
Q

What test is used to compare one variable between three or more separate variables of PARAMETRIC data?

A

One-way ANOVA

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17
Q

What test is used to compare one variable between three or more separate variables of NON-PARAMETRIC data?

A

Kruskal Wallis

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18
Q

What test is used to look for relationships between two continuous variables of PARAMETRIC data? (i.e. correlation)

A

Pearson coefficient

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19
Q

What test is used to look for relationships between two continuous variables of NON-PARAMETRIC data? (i.e. correlation)

A

Spearman coefficient

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20
Q

What is level of evidence IV?

A

Panel of experts - weakest form of evidence

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21
Q

What is level of evidence III?

A

Evidence from case, correlation, and comparative studies

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22
Q

What is level of evidence IIb?

A

Evidence from at least one well designed experimental trial

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23
Q

What is level of evidence IIa?

A

Evidence from at least one well designed controlled trial which is not randomized

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24
Q

What is level of evidence Ib?

A

Evidence from at least one Randomized Controlled Trial

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25
What is level of evidence Ia?
Evidence from Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
26
How is SEM (standard error of the mean) calculated?
SEM = SD/square root of sample size
27
How do you calculate 95% confidence intervals using SEM?
(mean - 1.96SEM) to (mean + 1.96SEM)
28
What is the incidence of ovarian cancer in the UK?
22/100,000
29
What is the maternal mortality rate for ectopic pregnancy in the UK?
2/1000 (0.2%)
30
What proportion of pregnancies are ectopic?
11/1000
31
What is the most common type of ectopic pregnancy?
Tubal - accounts for 93-95%
32
What is the risk of respiratory problems in VBAC compared to ELCS?
2-3% compared to 3-4%
33
What are the risks of VBAC?
1% additional risk of blood transfusion and endometritis 2-3/10,000 additional risk of birth-related perinatal death 22-74/10,000 risk of uterine rupture 8/10,000 develop HIE
34
What are the chances of success for a first VBAC?
72-76%
35
What are the chances of success of a 2nd VBAC, following a previously successful one?
87-90%
36
What factors reduce the likelihood of success of VBAC?
1) Induced labour 2) No prev. vaginal birth 3) BMI >30 4) If the C-section previously was for dystocia
37
What is the 5 year survival rate of stage I ovarian cancers?
90%
38
What is the 5 year survival rate of stage IV ovarian cancers?
17%
39
What is the most common cause of maternal mortality?
Cardiac disease (indirect)
40
What is the most common direct cause of maternal mortality?
VTE
41
What is the average age of diagnosis of endometrial cancer?
60
42
What is the absolute risk?
= the actual risk
43
What is relative risk?
= the ratio of risk comparing the risk in exposed vs. controlled groups
44
What are the risk factors for endometrial cancer?
1) PCOS 2) Obesity 3) Late menopause 4) Early menarche 5) HRT 6) Nulliparous 7) Diabetes 8) PD 9) Tamoxifen
45
How is sensitivity calculated?
A/(A+C)
46
How is specificity calculated?
D/(B+D)
47
How is negative predictive value (NPV) calculated?
D/(C+D)
48
How is positive predictive value (PPV) calculated?
A/(A+B)
49
What is the negative likelihood ratio?
(1-sensitivity)/specifity
50
What is the positive likelihood ratio?
sensitivity/(1-specifity)
51
What factor increases the risk of ovarian cancer?
Oestrogen-only HRT
52
What factors decrease the risk of ovarian cancer?
1) OCP 2) Increased parity 3) Breastfeeding 4) Hysterectomy 5) Tubal ligation 6) Statins 7) SLE
53
What is the most appropriate method to assess prognosis?
Cohort study
54
What is the miscarriage rate age 20-29?
10%
55
What is the miscarriage rate age 30-34?
15%
56
What is the miscarriage rate age 35-39?
25%
57
What is the miscarriage rate age 40-44?
50%
58
What is the miscarriage rate age >/=45?
90%
59
What do parametric tests assume?
Normal distribution
60
What type of tests are used when the population distribution is not known?
Non-parametric
61
What are the parametric tests?
Pearson; t-test; f-test; ANOVA; z-test
62
What are the non-parametric test?
Spearman; Mann-Whitney; Chi2; Wilcoxen signed rank; Fisher exact probability; Kruskal Wallis; Friedman
63
What are type I errors?
Incorrect rejection of a null hypothesis False +ve Detecting an effect that is not present
64
What are the type II errors?
Incorrect acceptance of a null hypothesis False -ve Failing to detect an effect that is present
65
What are ROC curves?
y = sensitivity x = 1-specificty
66
What is the most appropriate method to assess diagnostic tests?
Cross-sectional studies
67
What is the most appropriate method to assess treatment/intervention?
RCT
68
How should the power of a study be described?
The study's ability to detect an effect of a specified size?
69
Which condition is associated with a 'greek helmet' facial profile?
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome
70
What is the definition of incidence?
Number of new cases of a disease that occur in a population previously free of it
71
What is the definition of prevalence?
The frequency of existing disease at a given time
72
What are the parameters measured in APGAR scoring?
Pulse Respiration Muscle tone Reflexes/irritability Colour
73
How is cystometry performed?
Catheter placed in bladder with a pressure transducer to measure intravesical pressure 2nd catheter placed in either vagina or rectum to measure intra-abdominal pressure
74
How is detrusor pressure measured in cystometry?
Intravesical pressure - intra-abdominal pressure
75
What is a Kaplan-Meier plot used to graphically represent?
Probability of survival
76
What are case-control studies useful for?
Rare diseases
77
What are different types of categorical data?
Nominal/binary Ordinal
78
What are different types of quantitive data?
Continuous Discrete
79
What is mean sensitive to?
Outliers (extreme values)
80
The higher the power of a study, the lower the probability of what?
The higher the power of a study, the lower the probability of type II errors
81
High sensitivity is required for which sort of tests?
Screening tests, thus minimising missed cases
82
High specificity is required for which sort of tests?
Diagnostic tests, thus minimising misdiagnoses

P1EXAM (27 decks)

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