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P1EXAM > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to arterial PCO2 in normal pregnancy?
Normal ABG in non-pregnant adult?

A

It reduces

Non-pregnant
pH 7.35 - 7.45 / CO2 4.7 - 6 / HCO3 22-26

Pregnant
pH: 7.4 - 7.47 / CO2 4.1 / HCO3 19-20

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2
Q

At what phase of eukaryotic cell division can the cell go into a quiescent stage?

A

G0

[G0] <-> G1 - S - G2 - Mitosis (PMAT
condense/align/separate/envelope) –>

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3
Q

Dexa scan result ranges
normal
osteopenia
osteoporosis

A

normal > -1 (eg -0.5)
Osteopenia -1 to -2.5
Osteoporosis < - 2.5 (e.g. -2.9)

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4
Q

Oestrogens in order from least to most potent

A

Estriol –> Estrone –>Estradiol

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5
Q

What process occurs exclusively in the mitochondria?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

82% of Estradiol binds to what in the blood?

A

Albumin

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7
Q

What mechanism is required for myometrial contraction?

A

Elecrtron transport chain

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8
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Package proteins into membrane bound vesicles

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9
Q

At what stage in the cell cycle is mitosis arrested if there is a chromosomal abnormality?

A

G1

Text book:
DNA damage check points in G1, S, G2
and spindle checkpoint in metaphase

Google
‘Arrest in G1 prevents aberrant replication of damaged DNA, and arrest in G2 allows cells to avoid segregation of defective chromosomes.’

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10
Q

Where in the kidney is the majority of bicarbonate reabsorbed

A

PCT

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11
Q

What cell type secretes calcitonin?

A

C-cells of thyroid gland

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12
Q

What is the most abundant oestrogen in pregnancy?

A

Estriol

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13
Q

List the the estogens in the order of their activity on the vaginal mucosa

A

Estradiol-estrone-estriol

This is the same as strongest to weakest

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14
Q

A baby had bradycardia and was delivered by ventouse
Umblical artery blood
PH 7.05, base excess -4
Umbilical venous blood
PH 7.25, base excess -2.5
Interpretation?

A

The baby had an ecute episode of hypoxia before delivery

Normal arterial range
*pH 7.10 - 7.38
Normal venous range
pH 7.2 - 7.44
(found online)

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15
Q

What is the Z score

A

A Z-score compares bone density to the average values for a person of the same age and gender

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16
Q

A phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs / controls mutation of genes:

A

S phase

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17
Q

most important anion in urine

A

Chloride

Same as in ECF

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18
Q

Active form of Vitamin D

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
aka
calcitriol

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19
Q

Define amphipathic

A

A molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

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20
Q

Which vitamin converts ferric to ferrous to aid iron absorption

A

Vitamin C

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21
Q

Androgen structure C-

A

C19

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22
Q

Where is phosphate excreted from? (organ)

A

The kidney

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23
Q

patient c/o headache on the day of hysterectomy, she is known to have DM and hypothyroidism.
ABG: Ph 7.5, pco2 low, bicarb 24, normal anion gap
ABG interpretation?

A

Respiratory alkalosis
?due to hyperventilation

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24
Q

What vitamin is needed for amino acid synthesis

A

B6
It carries the amino acids around

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25
Q

Cofactor vitamin in formation of glutamic acid (an amino acid)

A

Vitamin K

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26
Q

Expected t score In 90 year old woman

A

-2.5

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27
Q

What is the main intracellular cation

A

K+

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28
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

Deoxygenation of blood increases its ability to carry co2 (shift to right)

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29
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

DNA replication

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30
Q

Pregnant woman climbed high attitude and felt breathless plus parasthesia in her hands. What is the acid-base imbalance ?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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31
Q

What is the chemical structure of BhCG?

A

Glycoprotein

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32
Q

Where in the kidney is potassium reabsorbed?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule AND loop of Henle

33
Q

Hypercalcaemia can be managed with all of the following except:
IV saline, IV furosemide, PO pred, PO thiadize diuretics, Calcitonin

A

PO thiazide diuretics

34
Q

Which protein is coiled in DNA?

A

Histones

35
Q

Which of the following hormones increases the excretion of calcium in Kidney?

A

Calcitonin
(Low Ca –> PTH –> increased Ca)
(High Ca –> Calcitonin –> decreased Ca)

36
Q

What is the name of recycling glucose/lactate without oxygen between liver and muscle (image in Q)

A

Cori cycle

37
Q

Which enzyme found in red blood cells buffers blood CO2?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

38
Q

When do chromatids divide and seperates to opposite poles ?

A

Anaphase

PMAT
Prophase / metaphase / anaphase / telophase
condense / align / separate / envelope

39
Q

What electrolyte imbalance can cause paralytic ileus?

A

Hypokalaemia

40
Q

Which electrolyte is involved in central pontine mylenosis due to fluid overload?

A

Na

41
Q

Which lab technique is used for RNA analysis?

A

Northern Blotting

North = RNA
West = protein

42
Q

Which one the following stage of the cell cycle immediately preceeds mitosis

A

G2 phase

[G0], G1, S, G2, Mitosis [PMAT]

43
Q

Which nitrogen base is found only in DNA but not in RNA?

A

Thymine

44
Q

Which enzyme is involved in the final oxidation of uric acid?

A

Xanthine oxidase

45
Q

Most enzymes that take part in the Kreb’s cycle are located in which organelle?

A

mitochondria

46
Q

What is the precursor of serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

Tryptophan –> serotonin
I am a ‘phan’ of serotonin

47
Q

Rate limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Phenylalanine –> tyrosine –> catecholamine

48
Q

Which organelles do type II pneumocytes utilize for surfactant release?

A

Lamellar bodies

49
Q

Woman climbed up the hill with her friends suddenly felt breathless plus parasthesia in her hands. What is the acid-base imbalance ?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

50
Q

Transport of iodide into cells is associated with

A

Sodium

sodium / iodide co-transporter

51
Q

What type of compound are histones?

A

Protein

52
Q

Most important function of Vitamin C

A

Collagen formation

53
Q

What percentage of anterior pituitary cells are lactotrophs?

A

20%

54
Q

Inflammatory mediators involved in wound healing

A

interleukin vs VEGF??

55
Q

Sudden disorientation of a women following delivery now on 35% Oxygen Abgs showed
Ph 7.2
Spo2 13.4
Spco2 8.4
Base excess -2.4
Hco3 25
Disorder

A

Respiratory acidosis

56
Q

Where are glycolytic enzymes found?

A

Glycolytic enzymes are found on mitochondria

57
Q

Name a co-factor for DNA synthesis

A

Folate

e.g. think of drugs that disrupt folate - methotrexate

58
Q

Which of the following laboratory techniques is used to amplify very small amounts of DNA?

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

59
Q

Where is most glucose reabsorbed?

A

PCT

60
Q

What are normal ABG ranges in pregnancy?

A

Normal maternal
PH 7.4 - 7.47
CO2 4.1+
HCO3 20+
(roughly)

61
Q

What does G6PD do?

A

Maintains NADPH levels, protecting RBCs against oxidative damage

62
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

Transcription

mRNA is created during the process of transcription, where an enzyme (RNA polymerase) converts the gene into primary transcript mRNA. Ribosome reads mRNA and uses amino acids to create the protein.

63
Q

What is another name for omega 3

A

alpha linoleic acid

64
Q

Which organelle is the site of lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondria - powerhouse
SER - lipid synthesis
RER - protein synthesis
Golgi - protein modification
Lysosomes and peroxisomes - disposal

65
Q

Where does the urea cycle take place?

A

The liver cell

66
Q

Glycolysis
Anaerobic
vs aerobic products

A

Glycolysis
Aerobic produces ATP + pyruvate
Anaerobic produces ATP + lactate

67
Q

What is on the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ribosomes

68
Q

What is a synonym for dinoprostone

A

PGE2
Prostaglandin E2

69
Q

What are eicosanoids (i.e. prostaglandins) derived from?

A

Arachidonic acid

(and other polyunsaturated fats)

70
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the urea cycle?

A

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS)

71
Q

Which organelle is the main site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes on the RER

72
Q

Which amino acid is nitric oxide derived from?

A

L-arginine

73
Q

CRISP/Cas technology is made up of which two basic elements?

A

DNA+Enzyme

74
Q

Which bile salts are produced by the liver

A

Cholic and deoxycholic acid

75
Q

Which metabolic process produces the most energy (e.g. for uterine contraction)

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

76
Q

What does left shift and right shift oxygen dissociation mean and what causes each?

A

Right shift - oxygen dissociation
(aka reduced O2 affinity)

with increased everything
H+, 2,3DPG, temperature

77
Q

What is the name of the heat stable enzyme used in PCR?

A

Taq polymerase

78
Q

Where is albumin synthesised?

A

Hepatocytes

P1EXAM (27 decks)

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