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P1EXAM > Original Anatomy > Flashcards

Original Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures form the boundary of the femoral triangle?

A

1) Sartorius (laterally); 2) Adductor longus (medially); 3) Inguinal Ligament (superiorly); 4) Iliac and psoas (lateral floor); 5) Pectineus (medial floor)

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2
Q

What is the mnemonic for the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

SAIL:
S - sartorius
A - adductor longus
I - inguinal…
L - ligament

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3
Q

What forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

A

Sartorius

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4
Q

What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?

A

Adductor longus

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5
Q

What forms the superior border of the femoral triangle?

A

Inguinal ligament

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6
Q

What structures form the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

Iliac and psoas (lateral floor)
Pectineus (medial floor)

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7
Q

What structures pass through the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve, artery and vein

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8
Q

Which nerve supplies gluteus maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve

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9
Q

What is the blood supply of gluteus maximus?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal artery

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10
Q

What is the action of gluteus maximus?

A

Extension and external rotation of the hip

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11
Q

What is the insertion of gluteus maximus?

A

Ischial tuberosity
Iliotibial band

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12
Q

What is the origin of gluteus maximus?

A

Posterior gluteal line of inner upper ilium
Posterior surface of lower sacrum
Lumbodorsal fascia
Sacrotuberous ligament

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13
Q

What structures form the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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14
Q

Which is deeper, scarpa’s or camper’s fascia?

A

Scarpa’s

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15
Q

What is the anatomy of rectus sheath above the arcuate line?

A

Anterior: Aponeurosis’s of external oblique, and anterior lamellae of the aponeurosis of internal oblique

Posterior: Posterior lamellae of the aponeurosis of internal oblique, and aponeurosis of transversalis fascia

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16
Q

What is the anatomy of the rectus sheath below the arcuate line?

A

Aponeuroses of all 3 muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis) pass anterior to the rectus sheath.

Rectus sheath in contact with transversalis fascia posteriorly

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17
Q

What is the path of the ureters?

A

Infero-medially along psoas
Enter pelvis at bifurcation of common iliac vessels
Pass anterior to internal iliac artery
Crossed by the uterine artery
Enter bladder at ischial spines
Pierce cardinal and broad ligaments

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18
Q

What does the right ovarian vein empty into?

A

IVC

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19
Q

What does the left ovarian vein empty into?

A

Left renal vein

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20
Q

What nerve supplies the clitoris?

A

Dorsal nerve, arising from the pudendal nerve

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21
Q

Which artery supplies the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

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22
Q

Which artery supplies the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric

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23
Q

Which artery supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric

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24
Q

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk?

A

1) L gastric artery
2) Splenic artery
3) Common hepatic artery

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25
Q

What structures does the foregut form?

A

Mouth to the duodenum

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26
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac vessels?

A

L4

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27
Q

What are the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Right common iliac
Left common iliac
Median sacral artery

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28
Q

What structures form the perineal body?

A

External anal sphincter
Transverse perineal muscles
Bulbocavernosus muscle
Levator ani muscle

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29
Q

What is the anatomical location of the deep inguinal ring?

A

Midpoint of the inguinal ligament

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30
Q

How is the midpoint of the inguinal ligament found?

A

Midpoint between ASIS and the pubic tubercle

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31
Q

What is the anatomical location of the superficial inguinal ring?

A

Just above and just lateral to the pubic tubercle

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32
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal in females?

A

Round ligament

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33
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal in males?

A

Spermatic cord

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34
Q

What structure passes through the superficial inguinal ring only, NOT the deep inguinal ring?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

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35
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

A

Superior - internal oblique
Anterior - aponeurosis of external oblique
Inferior - inguinal ligament
Posterior - conjoint tendon and transversalis fascia

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36
Q

What is the anterior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

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37
Q

What is the posterior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

Conjoint tendon and Transversalis fascia

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38
Q

What is the superior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

Internal oblique

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39
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

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40
Q

What does Hilton’s line indicate?

A

White line that indicates the junction between non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium and the keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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41
Q

What does the pectinate line indicate?

A

The junction between the upper two-thirds of the lower one-third of the anus
Upper two thirds = cuboidal epithelium
Lower one third = stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised around the orifice)

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42
Q

How long is the anal canal?

A

3cm

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43
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the vagina? (Superior and Inferior, respectively)

A

Superior - external and internal iliac LN
Inferior = inguinal LNs

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44
Q

What is the transverse diameter of the pelvis?

A

13cm

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45
Q

How long are the ureters?

A

25cm

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46
Q

How do the ureters insert into the bladder?

A

Posterolaterally

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47
Q

Which arteries supply the ovary?

A

Ovarian and uterine arteries

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48
Q

What does POPQ (prolapse) score 1 mean?

A

> 1cm above hymen

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49
Q

What does POPQ (prolapse) score 2 mean?

A

Within 1cm (distal or proximal) of hymen plane

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50
Q

What does POPQ (prolapse) score 3 mean?

A

> 1cm below plane of hymen.
Protrudes <2cm less than length of vagina

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51
Q

What does POPQ (prolapse) score 4 mean?

A

Complete prolapse

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52
Q

What is the the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POPQ) system of prolapse?

A

Grade 0-4

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53
Q

What is a Grade 0 prolapse?

A

No prolapse

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54
Q

What is a Grade 1 prolapse?

A

> 1cm from hymen

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55
Q

What is a Grade 2 prolapse?

A

Within 1cm (proximal or distal) to the hymen

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56
Q

What is a Grade 3 prolapse?

A

> 1cm below the plane of the hymen but protrudes < 2 cm less than the total length of the vagina

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57
Q

What is a Grade 4 prolapse?

A

Complete eversion of the vagina

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58
Q

What is the mediAL umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

Remnant of fetal umbilical arteries

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59
Q

What is the mediAN umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

Remnant of urachus

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60
Q

What are the 3 muscular components of levator ani?

A

1) Puborectalis
2) Pubococcygeus
3) Iliococcygeus muscle.

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61
Q

What innervates the testes?

A

T10 and spermatic plexus

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62
Q

What is the inferior border of the deep perineal pouch?

A

Perineal membrane

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63
Q

What is the superior border of the deep perineal pouch?

A

Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm

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64
Q

What separates the deep and superficial pouches?

A

Perineal membrane

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65
Q

What is the contents of the deep perineal pouch?

A

Deep transverse perineal muscle
External sphincter muscle of urethra:
Compressor Urethrae Muscle
Urethrovaginal Sphincter
Proximal portion of urethra

Male: Membranous portion of the urethra and bulbourethral gland

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66
Q

What are the layers of the bladder wall?

A

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Detrusor
4) Adventitia

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67
Q

Is bladder voiding parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic - S2-S4

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68
Q

Is bladder storage parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

Sympathetic - T10-L2

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69
Q

Where in the brain is the hypothalamus located?

A

Diencephalon

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70
Q

How many lobules are in each testis?

A

250-400

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71
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are found in each testis lobule?

A

1-3

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72
Q

Is contraction of the internal anal sphincter sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic. Pelvic splanchnic nerves, S4

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73
Q

Is relaxation of the internal anal sphincter sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic. Pelvic splanchnic nerves, S4

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74
Q

How is the external anal sphincter innervated?

A

Inferior rectal branch of pudendal nerve
(and perineal branch of S4)

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75
Q

What is meralgia paraesthetica?

A

Entrapment of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh

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76
Q

How are the ureters innervated?

A

T11-L2

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77
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ureter?

A

1) Adventitia
2) Smooth Muscle
3) Transitional Epithelium

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78
Q

How does the round ligament leave the pelvis?

A

Deep inguinal ring

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79
Q

What reinforces the inguinal canal posteriorly?

A

Conjoint tendon

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80
Q

What are the 3 cells types that make up the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

1) Macula dense
2) Juxtaglomerular cells
3) Extraglomerular mesangial cells

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81
Q

What is the pelvic inlet angle?

A

60 degrees

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82
Q

Which vessels exit the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Superior gluteal artery
Inferior gluteal artery
Internal pudendal artery

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83
Q

Which vessel exits the pelvis via the greater foramen and then re-enters through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Internal pudendal artery

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84
Q

What causes entrapment of the femoral nerve in pregnancy?

A

Fetal pressure in a difficult birth

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85
Q

What are the consequences of femoral nerve entrapment?

A

Sensory loss to the anterior thigh and knee
Quariceps weakness, loss of knee jerk

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86
Q

What causes entrapment of the lateral femoral cutaneous in pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy (in general)

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87
Q

What are the consequences of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve entrapment?

A

Sensory loss to the lateral thigh

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88
Q

What causes entrapment of the common peroneal nerve nerve in pregnancy?

A

Due to compression to the lateral head of fibula - occurs in leg bars

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89
Q

What are the consequences of common peroneal nerve nerve entrapment?

A

Sensory loss to the foot and anterolateral leg
Foot-drop

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90
Q

What causes entrapment of the obturator nerve in pregnancy?

A

Compression between the head of the fetus and the bony structures of the pelvis

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91
Q

What are the consequences of obturator nerve entrapment?

A

Sensory loss to the upper medial thigh
Weakness to leg adduction

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92
Q

What separates the true and false pelvis?

A

Pelvic brim

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93
Q

What divides the pelvis into anterior and posterior compartments?

A

Vagina

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94
Q

How many lobules in each testes?

A

250-400

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95
Q

Which ligaments attach the vagina and cervix to the pelvic wall?

A

Cardinal and uterosacral ligaments

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96
Q

What are the layers of detrusor?

A

Inner and outer layers of longitudinal smooth muscle with a middle circular smooth muscle layer

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97
Q

What is the contents of the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Ischiocavernosus muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Crura of penis (males) / Crura of clitoris (females)
Bulb of penis (males) / Vestibular bulbs (females)
Greater vestibular glands (female)

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98
Q

What in another name for the conjoint tendon which reinforces the superficial inguinal ring posteriorly?

A

Falx inguinalis

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99
Q

If a urethra ruptures due to vigerous inflation of an incorrectly placed catheter, what space would the urine leak into?

A

Anterior abdominal wall and mons pubis

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100
Q

What are the 3 important branches of the pudendal nerve?

A

Perineal nerve
Dorsal clitoral nerve
Inferior rectal nerve

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101
Q

What are the nerve root origins of the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A

T10-12, L1-2

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102
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the perineum?

A

Bulbospongiosus
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
Ischiocavernous

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103
Q

What is the nerve supply of the bladder?

A

Sympathetic - T10-L2
Parasympathetic - S2-S4

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104
Q

Which artery supplies the ureter?

A

Inferior vesical artery

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105
Q

What cells are located outside the blood-testis barrier?

A

Leydig

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106
Q

What type of cells are Sertoli cells?

A

Tall columnar

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107
Q

What is the size of a resting follicle?

A

0.02mm

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108
Q

What is the size of a follicle ready to ovulate?

A

20mm

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109
Q

What is the main muscle being tested during urodynamic testing?

A

Detrusor

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110
Q

Which type of injury is reduced in frequency by open (Hasson) technique compared to closed (Verress needle) technique in laparoscopic surgery?

A

Major vessel injury

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111
Q

What muscles make up the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani and coccygeus

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112
Q

The inferior epigastric artery is a branch of what artery?

A

External iliac artery

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113
Q

The pudendal nerve is derived from what spinal segments?

A

S2-S4

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114
Q

What artery is contained within the infundibulopelvic (aka suspensory) ligament?

A

Ovarian artery

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115
Q

How many lobules does each breast contain?

A

20

116
Q

What type of joint is the symphysis pubis?

A

Cartilagenous (secondary)

117
Q

What brings about the closure of the ductus arteriosus following lung inflation?

A

Bradykinin

118
Q

What is the arrangement of axial filaments in a sperm?

A

9+2

119
Q

What is the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral nerve
Femoral sheath:
- Femoral artery
- Femoral vein & sapheno-femoral junction
- Canal
Deep inguinal LN and lymphatic vessels

120
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

4cm

121
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

15-29cm

122
Q

What is the normal bladder capacity?

A

400-600ml

123
Q

At what bladder volume does the urge to void occur?

A

150ml

124
Q

What makes up the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

Fascia lata

125
Q

How much cooler is the scrotum compared to core body temperature?

A

2-2.5 degrees cooler

126
Q

What is the arterial supply of the bladder?

A

Superior vesical artery
Vaginal artery
Minor branches Gluteal & Obturator arteries

127
Q

What is the venous return from the bladder?

A

Vesicle venous plexus

128
Q

From what points on the chest wall does the base of the breasts extend?

A

2nd rib to 6th rib

129
Q

How many lobules in each breast?

A

20, each of which contain and lactiferous duct

130
Q

What is the purpose of the areolar glands of the breast?

A

Secretion of an oily protective lubricant

131
Q

What separates the lobules of the breast from one another?

A

Suspensory ligaments, extending from the deep fascia of pec major to the dermis of the skin

132
Q

What is the blood supply to the breast?

A

The lateral or medial mammary branches:
- Axillary A –> lateral thoracic A –> Lateral mammary
- Posterior intercostal A –> lateral cutaneous –> lateral mammary
- Subclavian A –> internal thoracic A –> medial mammary

133
Q

Which structures pass through the diaphragm?

A

Azygous vein
IVC
Oesophagus
Thoracic duct (lymph)
Aorta
Phrenic nerve

134
Q

At what level does the IVC and phrenic nerve pass through the diaphragm?

A

T8

135
Q

At what level does the oesophagus pass though the diaphragm?

A

T10

136
Q

At what level does the aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein pass through the diaphragm?

A

T12

137
Q

What is the nerve root of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L1

138
Q

Describe an anthropoid pelvis:

A

Ape like, AP diameter long, transverse diameter short

139
Q

Describe a platypelloid pelvis:

A

Flat female type

140
Q

Describe an android pelvis:

A

Male type, pelvic inlet triangular or heart shaped

141
Q

Describe a gynaecoid pelvis:

A

Normal female type. Suprapubic angle 90-100 degrees

142
Q

What is the suprapubic angle of a normal gynaecoid pelvis?

A

90-100 degrees

143
Q

What nerve is pyramidalis supplied by?

A

Subcostal nerve, a branch of T12

144
Q

What proportion of the population HAS pyramidalis?

A

80%

145
Q

What muscles allow flexion of the hip joint?

A

Iliacus, psoas

146
Q

Which muscles forms part of the inguinal ligament?

A

External oblique

147
Q

What is the terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery?

A

Superior epigastric artery

148
Q

What are the three branches of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery?

A
  1. Superior gluteal artery
  2. Lateral sacral artery
  3. Iliolumbar artery
149
Q

What are the nerve root/s of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (entrapment of which causes meralgia parasthetica)?

A

L2-L3

150
Q

What is the contents of the ischiorectal fossa?

A
  1. Inferior rectal nerve and vessels
  2. Pudendal canal and its contents
  3. Fat pad
  4. Perforating cutaneous branch of S2 and S3
  5. Perineal branch of S4
  6. Labial nerve and vein
151
Q

What is the contents of the pudendal canal?

A
  1. Internal pudendal artery
  2. Internal pudendal veins
  3. Pudendal nerve
152
Q

What is another name for the pudendal canal?

A

Alcock’s canal

153
Q

What does the pectinate line embryologically represent?

A

The junction between the hindgut and the protodeum

154
Q

Where would you find the pudendal canal (for the sake of delivering a pudendal block)?

A

Lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa, above the sacrotuberous ligament

155
Q

What is the arterial and nerve supply of rectus abdominis

A

Inferior epigastric artery, T7-T12

156
Q

What is a glucagonoma?

A

A tumour of the alpha cells of the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycaemia

157
Q

Which prostanoid inhibits platelet aggregation?

A

PG12

158
Q

From what is the prostate derived embryologically?

A

Urogenital sinus

159
Q

What are the umbilical vessels contained within in the umbilical cord?

A

Wharton’s jelly

160
Q

What is the mean length/width of the umbilical cord?

A

Length - 50cm
Width - 2cm

161
Q

What is velamentous cord insertion associated with?

A

Vasa praevia

162
Q

What is the contents of the umbilical cord?

A

x2 arteries - umbilical arteries derived from the internal iliac artery
x1 vein - umbilical vein which drains (in the majority) to the IVC via the ductus venosus - 80%, and then 20% into the hepatic vein

163
Q

What proportion of umbilical cords have only one artery?

A

1%

164
Q

In the perineum what dose the deep scarpa’s fascia become?

A

Colles’ fascia

165
Q

What is the origin and insertion of rectus abdominis?

A

Origin - 5th-7th costal cartilages

Insertion - pubic crest

166
Q

What is the origin and insertion of external oblique?

A

Origin - Lower 8 ribs

Insertion - pubic crest, xiphoid, linea alba, pubic tubercle, iliac crest

167
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the internal oblique?

A

Origin - lumbar fasciae, iliac crest, inguinal ligament

Insertion - lower 6 costal cartilages, linea alba, pubic crest

Innervation - T7-T12

168
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of transversus abdominis?

A

Origin - lower 6 costal cartilages, lumbar fasciae, iliac crest, inguinal ligament

Insertion - lina alba, pubic crest

Innervation - T7-T12

169
Q

How long is the inguinal canal?

A

3.8cm

170
Q

What are the characteristics of the internal and external inguinal ring?

A

Internal ring = lies in the transversalis fascia
External ring = in external oblique aponeurosis, v-shaped

171
Q

What makes up the conjoint tendon?

A

Internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Inserts into the pubic crest and pectineal line

172
Q

What is the contents of the spermatic cord?

A

Arteries - testicular, vas, cremasteric
Nerves - ilioinguinal, cremasteric, sympathetic
Other - vas deferens, lymphatics, pampiniform plexus of veins

173
Q

What does adductors canal contain?

A

Femoral vessels
Saphenous nerve

174
Q

What is the usual site of a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Hasselbach’s triangle

175
Q

What is the epiploic foramen/foramen of Winslow?

A

Entrance to the lesser omental sac

176
Q

What type of joint is symphysis pubis?

A

Cartilagenous joint

177
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?

A

Pubic symphysis
Ischial tuberosities
Sacrotuberous/sacrospinous ligament
Coccyx

178
Q

What is the spinal level of the dimples just above the buttocks?

A

S2

179
Q

What are the boundaries of the greater sciatic foramen?

A

SUPERIOR - sacroiliac ligament
POSTEROMEDIAL - sacrotuberous ligament
INFERIOR - sacrospinous ligament
ANTEROLATERAL = greater sciatic notch
(from top going clockwise)

180
Q

What are the boundaries of the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

ANTERIOR - ischial tuberosity
LATERAL - lesser sciatic notch
POSTERIOR - sacrotuberous ligament
SUPERIOR - sacrospinous ligament

181
Q

What are the measurements of the pelvic inlet?

A

Transverse - 12.7
Oblique - 11.5
Anteroposterior - 10

182
Q

What are the measurements of the pelvic outlet?

A

Transverse - 10
Oblique - 11.5
Anteroposterior - 12.7

183
Q

What pierces the cardinal ligaments?

A

Ureters

184
Q

What are the branches of the coeliac trunk?

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery - short gastric artery, left gastroepiploic artery
Hepatic artery - right gastric artery, cystic artery, gastroduodenal artery

185
Q

Which kidney is lower than the other?

A

R kidney = lower

186
Q

How long are the ureters?

A

25.4cm

187
Q

What structures cross the ureters?

A

Ovarian/testicular vessels
On the right, colic vessels and ileocolic vessels
On the left , colic vessels
Uterine vessels

188
Q

What are the common sites of urethral injury in surgery?

A

Lateral to the uterine vessel
In the tunnel of the cardinal ligament
Base of the infundibulopelvic ligament
Lateral pelvic wall

189
Q

What is appendix testes a remnant of?

A

The paramesonephric duct

190
Q

What is the appendix epididymis a remnant of?

A

The mesonephric duct

191
Q

What are arbour vitae?

A

Folds of endothelium in the vagina

192
Q

Where are Doderlein’s bacilli found?

A

The vagina, converting glycogen to lactic acid

193
Q

What is the degree of flexion of the uterus (anteflexion/retroflexion)?

A

Flexion at the level of the internal os, usually 170 degrees
axes = line of : uterine body / cervix

compare with version
vagina / cervix (90 degrees)

194
Q

What is the degree of version (anteversion/retroversion) of the uterus?

A

Version in axis of cervix on vagina, usually 90 degrees

195
Q

From when can Braxton-Hicks contractions occur?

A

Week 8

196
Q

What is the uterine pressure required to cause cervical dilatation?

A

25mmHg

197
Q

How long are the fallopian tubes?

A

10cm

198
Q

What are the uterine ligaments?

A

Broad ligament
Round ligament - cornua to labia majora
Cardinal ligament - cervix to lateral wall of pelvis
Uterosacral ligament - cervic to sacrum
Pubocervical ligament - cervix to pubic bone

199
Q

What are the layers of the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginia
Cortex - containing ovarian follicles
Medulla - containing ovarian vessels

200
Q

What are the ovarian support ligaments?

A

Infundibulopelvic (suspensory) ligament
Broad ligament
Ovarian ligament

201
Q

What is the nerve supply of the ovary?

A

T10

202
Q

What is another name for the ovarian fossa?

A

Waldeyer’s fossa

203
Q

What are the boundaries of the ovarian fossa?

A

Superior - External iliac vessel
Posterior - Internal iliac vessels, ureter
Anterior - Obliterated umbilical artery

204
Q

What are the ligaments of Cooper of the breast?

A

Separate the lobules of the breast

205
Q

What are the Glands of Montgomery of the breast?

A

Lubrication of the areola

206
Q

What is the nerve supply of the breast?

A

T4-T6

207
Q

What is the nerve supply of the nipple?

A

T4

208
Q

How many fetal fontanelles are there?

A

6

209
Q

When does the anterior (Bregma) fontanelle close?

A

Closes at 18 months

210
Q

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

A

Closes at 2 years

211
Q

What are the following diameters of the fetal skull: Biparietal and Bitemporal

A

Biparietal - 9.5cm
Bitemporal - 8.5cm

212
Q

What is the ideal birthing presentation and posistion?

A

Vertex, OA

213
Q

Which two nerves provide the primary cutaneous sensory innervation to the labia majora?

A

Ilioinguinal and pudendal

214
Q

Which part of the kidney does the juxtaglomerular apparatus sit in?

A

Renal cortex

215
Q

In the male urethra which is the narrowest part?

A

Membranous urethra

216
Q

What is the mnemonic for bladder innervation?

A

Storage is Sympathetic
Peeing is Parasympathetic

217
Q

Where are the proximal and distal centriole located in a spermatozoa?

A

Neck

218
Q

Why can a karyotype not be gained from RBCs?

A

Because they don’t have a nucleus

219
Q

What is the contents of the femoral ring?

A

Cloquet’s node and lymphatics

220
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral ring?

A

ANTERIOR - inguinal ligament
MEDIAL - lacunar ligament
LATERAL - medial border of femoral vein
POSTERIOR - pectineal ligament and pectineus muscle

221
Q

What nerve root mediates the cremasteric reflex?

A

L1

222
Q

What nerve root mediates the abdominal reflex?

A

T7-T12

223
Q

What is the embryological origin of the thymus?

A

Endoderm of the third pharyngeal pouch.

224
Q

What is the dermatomal level of the anus?

A

S5

225
Q

What is the blood supply to the lateral surface of the brain?

A

Middle cerebral artery

226
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior and superior surface of the brain?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

227
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Intestinal arteries
(i.e.ileocolic)
Middle colic and
Right colic

228
Q

What is the average length of a newborn int he UK?

A

50cm

229
Q

What is the umbilical artery a branch of?

A

Internal iliac artery

230
Q

What does the inguinal canal contain in women?

A

Round ligament
Ilioinguinal nerve

231
Q

What is the position of the deep inguinal ring?

A

Midway between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis, and about 1.25 cm superior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament

232
Q

What is the position of the superficial inguinal ring?

A

Just above lateral to the pubic tubercle

233
Q

What are the nerve roots of obturator nerve?

A

L2-L4

234
Q

On which side is hydroureter and hydronephrosis seen in pregnancy?

A

Right

235
Q

Does urinary protein excretion decrease or increase in pregnancy?

A

Increase

236
Q

Why do triglyceride levels increase in pregnancy?

A

The increase in triglycerides results from increased hepatic lipase activity and decreased lipoprotein lipase activity

237
Q

How does pregnancy influence lipolysis?

A

Insulin resistance and the relative hypoglycaemia in pregnancy leads to increased lipolysis

238
Q

What best describes glycogen storage and glucose utilisation in pregnancy?

A

There is increased glycogen storage and increased utilisation of peripheral glucose

239
Q

What is the daily calcium requirement of the fetus?

A

200mg

240
Q

What changes occur int he diaphragm and thorax of the fetus?

A

The diaphragm is elevated and the thoracic diameter is increased

241
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the initiation and progression of puberty?

A

Leptin

242
Q

Which paired structures contain the uterine arteries and veins?

A

Cardinal ligaments

243
Q

What does oxytocin have a similar structure to?

A

ADH

244
Q

How do total cholesterol and triglyceride levels change during pregnancy?

A

Increased total cholesterol and triglyceride levels

245
Q

How does the fallopian tube propel the ovum along it?

A

Peristalsis of the tube AND cilia

246
Q

Where is the muscular layer found in the fallopian tube?

A

Isthmus

247
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the cervix?

A

External iliac nodes
Para-aortic nodes

248
Q

Are the ovary and fallopian tube covered by peritoneum?

A

Ovary ISN’T
Fallopian tube IS covered by peritoneum (mostly)

249
Q

What is the spinal level of the umbilicus, and then what is its dermatomal level

A

Spinal level = L3-L5 (varies)
Dermatomal level = T10

250
Q

Where may the thyroid gland have an accessory lobe?

A

Tongue

251
Q

How much does the accessory lobe weigh?

A

25g

252
Q

From what does the thyroid gland develop?

A

The thyroid gland develops from the endoderm between the first and second pharyngeal pouches

253
Q

Describe the epidural space:

A

Starts at foramen magnum, ends at S2, and is triangular in shape

254
Q

What does the epidural space contain?

A
  1. Fat
  2. Epidural veins (Batson’s plexus)
  3. Small arteries
  4. Lymphatics
  5. Spinal nerve roots
255
Q

How long is the rectum?

A

10-15cm

256
Q

Where does the lymph from the medial side of the breast drain?

A

Parasternal lymph nodes (the rest drains the axillary nodes)

257
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

A

C3, C4, C5

258
Q

How does the thyroid gland internalise iodine?

A

Active transport

259
Q

From what does the diaphragm develop?

A

It develops mainly from septum transversum (central tendon) and cervical myotomes (muscular component)

260
Q

What are the branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery?

A

Obturator artery
Superior vesicle (umbilical) artery
Uterine artery
Vaginal artery
Inferior vesical artery
Middle rectal artery
(Internal) pudendal artery - Inferior rectal artery

261
Q

What are the branches of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac artery?

A

Iliolumbar artery
Lateral sacral arteries
Superior gluteal artery

262
Q

What is the cervix made up of?

A

Fibrous and elastic tissue

263
Q

Where may pain from an ovarian tumour be referred to and why?

A

The ureter descends in the posterior boundary of the fossa while the obturator nerve and vessels cross its floor. Therefore, ovarian disease which involves the parietal peritoneum at this site may produce pain referred via the nerve to the medial side of the thigh

264
Q

What are the branches of the femoral artery?

A
  1. Descending genicular artery
  2. Profunda femoris
  3. Superficial and deep external pudendal artery
  4. Superficial epigastric
  5. Superficial circumflex iliac arteries
265
Q

Which set of lymph nodes does the rectum drain to?

A

Internal iliac

266
Q

What are the groups of axillary lymph nodes? And to which group does the majority of lymph drain initially?

A

Apical
Central
Subscapular
Pectoral - where the majority of lymph drains initially
Lateral

267
Q

Where is the majority of glucose reabsorbed?

A

PCT

268
Q

Where do the lymph nodes of the vulva drain?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

269
Q

What are the different types of ossification, and where do they take place?

A
  1. Intramembranous ossification - the skull cranial vault (which encloses the brain)
  2. Endochondral ossification - bones of the base of the skull
270
Q

In whom are primary cartilaginous joints seen?

A

Children ONLY. All cartilaginous joints in adults are SECONDARY

271
Q

What are the 6 layers of the testis from outside to inside?
(apart from skin)

A

Dartos muscle
Fascia layer
Tunica vaginalis (parietal)
Tunica vaginalis (visceral)
Tunica albuginea
Tunica vascularis

272
Q

What 3 nerves innervate levator ani? What nerve root?

A

Pudendal nerve
Perineal nerve
Inferior rectal nerve.

These nerves arise from S3/S4 spinal nerves (mainly S4).

273
Q

What LN do the ovaries and Fallopian tubes drain to?

A

The para-aortic nodes

274
Q

What LN does the body of the uterus drain to

A

Internal Iliac

275
Q

What lymph nodes do the fundus of the uterus drain to?

A

Para-aortic LN
Lumbar LN
Superficial inguinal LN

276
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the bladder?

A

Internal Iliac nodes
External Iliac nodes
Common Iliac nodes

277
Q

What is the blood supply of the:
Rectum upper 2/3
Rectum lower 1/3
Anal canal

A

Rectum upper 2/3 - Superior rectal (IMA)
Rectum lower 1/3 - Middle rectal (int. iliac)
Anal canal - Inferior rectal (int. pudendal)

278
Q

What vein does the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) drain into?

A

The splenic vein

279
Q

What is the arterial supply of the scrotum?

A

anterior scrotal (external pudendal)
posterior scrotal (internal pudendal)

280
Q

What is the innervation of the scrotum?

A

Posterior and anterior scrotal nerves
Genitofemoral nerve
Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

281
Q

What is the arterial supply of the testicle?

A

Testicular Arteries
Cremasteric Artery
Artery to Vas Deferens

282
Q

How is the testicle innervated - plexus and spinal segment?

A

Spermatic plexus
T10 spinal segment

283
Q

How is the internal anal sphincter innervated?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S4)

284
Q

What is the innervation (trunks) of the
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

A

Foregut: T5-T9
Midgut: T10 & T11
Hindgut: T12 & L1

285
Q

What dermatomes are related to labour pain?

A

First stage: T10, T11, T12, L1
(hypogastric/pelvic plexus)
Second stage: S2, S3, S4 (pudendal nerve)

286
Q

Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus

A

Ileohypogastric (T12, L1)
Ileoinguinal (L1) –> ant labial nerve
Genitofemoral (L1, L2)
Lateral femoral cutaneous (L2, L3)
Femoral (L2, L4)
Obturator (L2, L4)

P1EXAM (27 decks)

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