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P1EXAM > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin is activated by removing what part?

A

C peptide

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2
Q

What is the most common thyroid disease in a woman of child bearing age

A

Grave’s

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3
Q

What happens to insulin and glucagon after a protein rich meal?

A

increase insulin, increase glucagon

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4
Q

Glucagon induces

A

Gluconeogensis
-makes glucose from amino acids/lactate etc
Glycogenolysis
-makes glucose from glycogen

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5
Q

What is the most common circulating hormone in females out of:
Dihydrotestosterone
Testosterone
Androstenedione

A

Androstenedione
? Common precursor

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6
Q

Aldosterone causes Na reabsorption from which parts of the kidney?

A

Distal convoluted tubule
and
Collecting duct

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7
Q

Patient presents with hypotension and hyperkalaemia - diagnosis?

A

Addison’s
Low cortisol and low aldosterone

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8
Q

What hormone regulates appetite and is important in obesity?

obese and diabetic which decrease appetite

A

Leptin

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9
Q

A pregnant woman presents for diabetes screening. She is Asian with BMI 36, FBS 5. mmol/l, 2 hrs ppr 7.1 mmol/l. How do you interpret her OGTT?

A

Normal

5.6
7.8

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10
Q

Vasopressin increases water re-absorption at

A

Distal convoluted tubules
and
Collecting duct

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11
Q

A patient’s postoperative serum electrolytes showed hyponatraemia
(sometimes hyperkalaemia)

A

Addison’s

(low cortisol, low aldosterone
low BP, low Na, high K+)

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12
Q

What hormone causes sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

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13
Q

What do glucocorticoids cause (1 action)

A

Gluconeogenesis

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14
Q

high prolactin
normal FSH and LH
low progesteron
high TSH
what is the cause

A

hypothyroidism

Increased TRH
causes increased TSH and PRL

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15
Q

What cells produce androgen in the female

A

Theca cells

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16
Q

Free T3 in non pregnant women

A

1%

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17
Q

Free level of T4 in non pregnant woman

A

0.1%

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18
Q

What is the level of FSH in ovarian failure

A

> 40

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19
Q

What do foetal adrenal glands secrete which cause lung, liver, thyroid and GIT maturity

A

Cortisol

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20
Q

2 months Postoperative patient with history of lung cancer presented with worsening polyurea and has depression. what is the most likely electrolyte imbalance occurs to patient?

A

Nyponatraemia
(??SIADH)

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21
Q

How many copies of amino acid sequences present in TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) precursor?

A

6

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22
Q

Which type of tumor increases growth hormone secretion and leads to acromegaly?

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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23
Q

glucocorticoids are released from which layer of adrenal cortex?

A

zona fasciculata

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24
Q

What kind of cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Chief cells

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25
Post-op patient with diabetes and asthma becomes unwell. Na 112. Dx?
Addison's disease
26
What is the chemical structure of Renin?
Glycoprotein
27
What is the most potent and abundant oestrogen in postmenopausal women?
Estrone
28
Which hormone promotes cartilage mitosis in epiphyseal plate ?
Growth hormone
29
Graph of cycle Hormone X has 2 peaks Peak 1 (bigger) - day 12 Peak 2 (smaller) - Day 21 What is hormone X?
Estradiol
30
What is the acid/base balance of Conn's Syndrome?
Metabolic alkalosis
31
Causes of secondary hyperlipidemia include all the following except: - DM / hyperthyroidism / chronic renal failure / alcohol / nephrotic syndrome
hyperthyroidism
32
Woman presents with anxiety, tachycardia and weakness. TSH decrease, Free T4 increase, prolactin 400. Dx?
Grave's
33
What inhibits glucagon release?
Increased fatty acids
34
Most common cause of hyperprolactinemia?
Primary hypothyroidism
35
What is the most common cause of the female urethral caruncle?
Hypoestrogenism
36
The most common cause of delay in puberty in males is:
Constitutional
37
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is structurally related to what other glycoprotein hormones?
BHCG, FSH and TSH
38
Sheehan syndrome affects?
Anterior pituitary
39
What steroid hormone is made from DHEA in the zona reticularis
Androstenedione
40
What is the most common cause of cushing's syndrome?
Iatrogenic Steroid Administration
41
The progesterone receptor is an example of which type of receptor ?
Nuclear (transcription factor) receptor
42
What hormone secreted by placenta leading to fetal diuresis ?
Vasopressinase
43
Which structure produces inhibin?
Granulosa cells Inhibin suppresses FSH
44
Which hormone prevent regression of corpus luteum?
BHCG
45
In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place?
Cystosol
46
The rate of growth hormone secretion follows a circardian rhythm. When is the highest peak of growth hormone release?
Deep Sleep
47
A 32-year-old female presents with a two month history of breathlessness, tachycardia and menstrual irregularity. Her Investigations revealed: (SEPT 2015)
SerumhCG negative Serum T4 178 mmol/l Serum TSH0.05 mU/L
 Prolactin400 mmol/l 
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Grave's
48
No of carbons in Estrogen?
18
49
Most common endocrine disorder in reproductive age group
PCOS
50
Prostaglandin is autocrine / paracrine / endocrine
paracrine
51
What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Chronic Renal Failure
52
Amenorrhoea with raised TSH, FSH and LH - what is the cause?
Premature ovarian failure
53
Precursor of testosterone in theca cell
Androstenedione
54
What cells produce calcitonin?
C cells of thyroid gland
55
7/40 feeling tired TSH 8.5 T4 14 T3 5.4
Hypothyroidism The TSH is elevated + symptom of fatigue (means is not 'sub clinical?)
56
Which hormone has a structure similar to Prolactin?
Growth Hormone
57
Which enzyme is present in granulosa cells but not in theca cells?
Aromatase
58
Where in the female body is androgen produced? Two sites.
Adrenal Zona reticularis Ovarian Theca cells Take cholesterol --> DHEA --> Androstenedione
59
What is the major estrogen found in menopause?
Estrone
60
Which test is used to check ovarian reserves in pre menopausal women?
Anti-mullerian hormone
61
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesised in which part of the brain?
PRODUCED: Supraoptic > Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. RELEASED: posterior pituitary
62
What is the chemical structure of GnRH
Decapeptide
63
What is the chemical structure of Renin?
Protein
64
Where is prolactin produced that is not under dopaminergic control?
Maternal decidua
65
From where in the nephron is the enzyme renin secreted ?
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
66
Which signalling molecule stimulates a chain of events leading to Aldosterone release?
Renin Low BP --> Renin/Angiotensin --> Aldosterone release --> Na+ and water reabsorption, K+ excretion
67
What is the most common cause of endogenous Cushing's syndrome?
Pituitary adenoma
68
What is the action of PTH
Hypocalcaemia --> PTH release: PTH increases calcium PTH decreases phosphate
69
Renin pathway
Decreased renal perfusion --> renin release Angiotensinogen [renin]> angiotensin 1 [ace]> angiotensin 2 --> aldosterone secretion Aldosterone causes Na and H20 retention
70
What electrolyte stimulates aldosterone release
Hyperkalaemia Raised K+ raises aldosterone
71
Most common cancer of Cushing syndrome
*Adrenal* adenoma
72
Ratio of T4:T3
13:1
73
What cell type produces human placental lactogen?
syncytiotrophoblast
74
What causes raised prolactin in PCOS?
Unopposed high oestrogen
75
What is the electrolyte imbalance in primary hyperaldosteronism
HTN Hypernatraemia Hypokalaemia
76
Active form of Vit-D is produced in which organ?
Kidney
77
The most biologically active form of vitamin D is
1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitrol)
78
What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT
5 alpha reductase
79
What cells produce prolactin? What proportion of the anterior pituitary do they take up?
Lactotrophs 20%
80
What electrolyte is used to transport Iodine into the thyroid?
Chloride
81
When do progesterone levels peak during pregnancy?
At term
82
What is the half life of LH
20 minutes
83
What % of T3 is free
1%
84
Epiphyseal plates are closed at puberty by the action of which hormone?
Estradiol
85
What inhibits prolactin?
Dopamine
86
Where is GnRH released from which area of the brain + which abdominal organ (it stimulates FSH/LH)
Preoptic area of the hypothalamus + Liver release GnRH (Anterior pituitary releases FSH/LH)
87
What should be measured in pregnancy to assess thyroid function
FREE T3/T4 Because there is -increased total T3/T4 -decreased free T3/T4 because of increased binding
88
Which hormone decreases osteoclast activity and increases cartilage deposition at long bones in a term fetus
Calcitonin
89
When do progesterone levels peak in normal pregnancy?
At term
90
Which hormone leads to nutrient transfer from mother to foetus
Human placental lactogen
91
Which hormone is raised in the menopause
FSH
92
Miscarriage can occur due to the withdrawal of which hormone?
Progesterone
93
What is TRH
A polypeptide ?
94
What do delta cells in pancreas secrete?
Somatostatin
95
What acid/base imbalance is caused by conn's syndrome?
Metabolic alkalosis
96
What oestrogen is secreted by the placenta
estriol
97
When do HPL levels peak?
Near term
98
What is the pattern seen in cushing's DISEASE
*Increased ACTH* Increased cortisol Increased GH
99
What pattern is seen in hypothyroidism?
Elevated TSH Decreased T3/T4

P1EXAM (27 decks)

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