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P1EXAM > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin is activated by removing what part?

A

C peptide

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2
Q

What is the most common thyroid disease in a woman of child bearing age

A

Grave’s

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3
Q

What happens to insulin and glucagon after a protein rich meal?

A

increase insulin, increase glucagon

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4
Q

Glucagon induces

A

Gluconeogensis
-makes glucose from amino acids/lactate etc
Glycogenolysis
-makes glucose from glycogen

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5
Q

What is the most common circulating hormone in females out of:
Dihydrotestosterone
Testosterone
Androstenedione

A

Androstenedione
? Common precursor

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6
Q

Aldosterone causes Na reabsorption from which parts of the kidney?

A

Distal convoluted tubule
and
Collecting duct

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7
Q

Patient presents with hypotension and hyperkalaemia - diagnosis?

A

Addison’s
Low cortisol and low aldosterone

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8
Q

What hormone regulates appetite and is important in obesity?

obese and diabetic which decrease appetite

A

Leptin

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9
Q

A pregnant woman presents for diabetes screening. She is Asian with BMI 36, FBS 5. mmol/l, 2 hrs ppr 7.1 mmol/l. How do you interpret her OGTT?

A

Normal

5.6
7.8

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10
Q

Vasopressin increases water re-absorption at

A

Distal convoluted tubules
and
Collecting duct

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11
Q

A patient’s postoperative serum electrolytes showed hyponatraemia
(sometimes hyperkalaemia)

A

Addison’s

(low cortisol, low aldosterone
low BP, low Na, high K+)

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12
Q

What hormone causes sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

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13
Q

What do glucocorticoids cause (1 action)

A

Gluconeogenesis

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14
Q

high prolactin
normal FSH and LH
low progesteron
high TSH
what is the cause

A

hypothyroidism

Increased TRH
causes increased TSH and PRL

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15
Q

What cells produce androgen in the female

A

Theca cells

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16
Q

Free T3 in non pregnant women

A

1%

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17
Q

Free level of T4 in non pregnant woman

A

0.1%

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18
Q

What is the level of FSH in ovarian failure

A

> 40

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19
Q

What do foetal adrenal glands secrete which cause lung, liver, thyroid and GIT maturity

A

Cortisol

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20
Q

2 months Postoperative patient with history of lung cancer presented with worsening polyurea and has depression. what is the most likely electrolyte imbalance occurs to patient?

A

Nyponatraemia
(??SIADH)

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21
Q

How many copies of amino acid sequences present in TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) precursor?

A

6

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22
Q

Which type of tumor increases growth hormone secretion and leads to acromegaly?

A

Pituitary Adenoma

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23
Q

glucocorticoids are released from which layer of adrenal cortex?

A

zona fasciculata

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24
Q

What kind of cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

Chief cells

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25
Q

Post-op patient with diabetes and asthma becomes unwell. Na 112. Dx?

A

Addison’s disease

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26
Q

What is the chemical structure of Renin?

A

Glycoprotein

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27
Q

What is the most potent and abundant oestrogen in postmenopausal women?

A

Estrone

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28
Q

Which hormone promotes cartilage mitosis in epiphyseal plate ?

A

Growth hormone

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29
Q

Graph of cycle
Hormone X has 2 peaks
Peak 1 (bigger) - day 12
Peak 2 (smaller) - Day 21
What is hormone X?

A

Estradiol

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30
Q

What is the acid/base balance of Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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31
Q

Causes of secondary hyperlipidemia include all the following except:
- DM / hyperthyroidism / chronic renal failure / alcohol / nephrotic syndrome

A

hyperthyroidism

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32
Q

Woman presents with anxiety, tachycardia and weakness.
TSH decrease, Free T4 increase, prolactin 400. Dx?

A

Grave’s

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33
Q

What inhibits glucagon release?

A

Increased fatty acids

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34
Q

Most common cause of hyperprolactinemia?

A

Primary hypothyroidism

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35
Q

What is the most common cause of the female urethral caruncle?

A

Hypoestrogenism

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36
Q

The most common cause of delay in puberty in males is:

A

Constitutional

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37
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is structurally related to what other glycoprotein hormones?

A

BHCG, FSH and TSH

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38
Q

Sheehan syndrome affects?

A

Anterior pituitary

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39
Q

What steroid hormone is made from DHEA in the zona reticularis

A

Androstenedione

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40
Q

What is the most common cause of cushing’s syndrome?

A

Iatrogenic Steroid Administration

41
Q

The progesterone receptor is an example of which type of receptor ?

A

Nuclear (transcription factor) receptor

42
Q

What hormone secreted by placenta leading to fetal diuresis ?

A

Vasopressinase

43
Q

Which structure produces inhibin?

A

Granulosa cells

Inhibin suppresses FSH

44
Q

Which hormone prevent regression of corpus luteum?

A

BHCG

45
Q

In which part of the cell does glycolysis take place?

A

Cystosol

46
Q

The rate of growth hormone secretion follows a circardian rhythm. When is the highest peak of growth hormone release?

A

Deep Sleep

47
Q

A 32-year-old female presents with a two month history of breathlessness, tachycardia and menstrual irregularity. Her Investigations revealed: (SEPT 2015)
SerumhCG negative
Serum T4 178 mmol/l
Serum TSH0.05 mU/L

Prolactin400 mmol/l

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Grave’s

48
Q

No of carbons in Estrogen?

A

18

49
Q

Most common endocrine disorder in reproductive age group

A

PCOS

50
Q

Prostaglandin is
autocrine / paracrine / endocrine

A

paracrine

51
Q

What is the most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Chronic Renal Failure

52
Q

Amenorrhoea with raised TSH, FSH and LH - what is the cause?

A

Premature ovarian failure

53
Q

Precursor of testosterone in theca cell

A

Androstenedione

54
Q

What cells produce calcitonin?

A

C cells of thyroid gland

55
Q

7/40 feeling tired
TSH 8.5
T4 14
T3 5.4

A

Hypothyroidism

The TSH is elevated + symptom of fatigue (means is not ‘sub clinical?)

56
Q

Which hormone has a structure similar to Prolactin?

A

Growth Hormone

57
Q

Which enzyme is present in granulosa cells but not in theca cells?

A

Aromatase

58
Q

Where in the female body is androgen produced? Two sites.

A

Adrenal Zona reticularis
Ovarian Theca cells

Take cholesterol –> DHEA –> Androstenedione

59
Q

What is the major estrogen found in menopause?

A

Estrone

60
Q

Which test is used to check ovarian reserves in pre menopausal women?

A

Anti-mullerian hormone

61
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesised in which part of the brain?

A

PRODUCED: Supraoptic > Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

RELEASED: posterior pituitary

62
Q

What is the chemical structure of GnRH

A

Decapeptide

63
Q

What is the chemical structure of Renin?

A

Protein

64
Q

Where is prolactin produced that is not under dopaminergic control?

A

Maternal decidua

65
Q

From where in the nephron is the enzyme renin secreted ?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

66
Q

Which signalling molecule stimulates a chain of events leading to Aldosterone release?

A

Renin

Low BP –>
Renin/Angiotensin –>
Aldosterone release –>
Na+ and water reabsorption, K+ excretion

67
Q

What is the most common cause of endogenous Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Pituitary adenoma

68
Q

What is the action of PTH

A

Hypocalcaemia –> PTH release:
PTH increases calcium
PTH decreases phosphate

69
Q

Renin pathway

A

Decreased renal perfusion –> renin release

Angiotensinogen
[renin]>
angiotensin 1
[ace]>
angiotensin 2 –>
aldosterone secretion

Aldosterone causes Na and H20 retention

70
Q

What electrolyte stimulates aldosterone release

A

Hyperkalaemia
Raised K+

raises aldosterone

71
Q

Most common cancer of Cushing syndrome

A

Adrenal adenoma

72
Q

Ratio of T4:T3

A

13:1

73
Q

What cell type produces human placental lactogen?

A

syncytiotrophoblast

74
Q

What causes raised prolactin in PCOS?

A

Unopposed high oestrogen

75
Q

What is the electrolyte imbalance in primary hyperaldosteronism

A

HTN
Hypernatraemia
Hypokalaemia

76
Q

Active form of Vit-D is produced in which organ?

A

Kidney

77
Q

The most biologically active form of vitamin D is

A

1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitrol)

78
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to DHT

A

5 alpha reductase

79
Q

What cells produce prolactin?
What proportion of the anterior pituitary do they take up?

A

Lactotrophs
20%

80
Q

What electrolyte is used to transport Iodine into the thyroid?

A

Chloride

81
Q

When do progesterone levels peak during pregnancy?

A

At term

82
Q

What is the half life of LH

A

20 minutes

83
Q

What % of T3 is free

A

1%

84
Q

Epiphyseal plates are closed at puberty by the action of which hormone?

A

Estradiol

85
Q

What inhibits prolactin?

A

Dopamine

86
Q

Where is GnRH released from which area of the brain + which abdominal organ
(it stimulates FSH/LH)

A

Preoptic area of the hypothalamus +
Liver release GnRH
(Anterior pituitary releases FSH/LH)

87
Q

What should be measured in pregnancy to assess thyroid function

A

FREE T3/T4

Because there is
-increased total T3/T4
-decreased free T3/T4 because of
increased binding

88
Q

Which hormone decreases osteoclast activity and increases cartilage deposition at long bones in a term fetus

A

Calcitonin

89
Q

When do progesterone levels peak in normal pregnancy?

A

At term

90
Q

Which hormone leads to nutrient transfer from mother to foetus

A

Human placental lactogen

91
Q

Which hormone is raised in the menopause

A

FSH

92
Q

Miscarriage can occur due to the withdrawal of which hormone?

A

Progesterone

93
Q

What is TRH

A

A polypeptide ?

94
Q

What do delta cells in pancreas secrete?

A

Somatostatin

95
Q

What acid/base imbalance is caused by conn’s syndrome?

A

Metabolic alkalosis

96
Q

What oestrogen is secreted by the placenta

A

estriol

97
Q

When do HPL levels peak?

A

Near term

98
Q

What is the pattern seen in cushing’s DISEASE

A

Increased ACTH
Increased cortisol
Increased GH

99
Q

What pattern is seen in hypothyroidism?

A

Elevated TSH
Decreased T3/T4

P1EXAM (27 decks)

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