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GI > Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the layers of the muscoas from in to out

A
  1. epithelium 2. lamina propria 3. muscularis mucosa
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2
Q

made of connective tissue, contains gut associated lymphoid tissue

A

lamina propria (2nd layers of the muscosa)

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3
Q

Thick layer of connective tissue provides digestive tract distensibility and elasticity
It consist of large blood vessels, lymphatics, glands and submucosal plexuses that supports the mucosa.

A

submucosa

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4
Q

the largest barrier in the body, and its characteristics

A

Lumen- Blood Barrier“ between the body and a lumenal environment.
Physical, biochemical and Immunological barrier

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5
Q

name the pre-epithelial defenses (6)

A

Bicarbonate secretion • Duodenal pH
• Mucus
• Surface hydrophobicity • Prostaglandins
• Surface active phospholipids

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6
Q

name the epithelial defenses (4)

A 
• Apical barrier
• Mucoid cap
• Extrusion of back diffused H+
• Oxidant stress and antioxidant
mechanisms
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7
Q

name the subepithelial defence (1)

A

mucosal blood flow

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8
Q

Heat shock proteins are which line of defense

A

pre-epitheilial

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9
Q

whats the composition of the muscosal gel

A

95% water, 5% cross linked mucin (glycoprotein)

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10
Q

whats the first line of mucosal defense

A

musosal buffer barrier - bicarb bitch

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11
Q

prevent back diffusion of luminal hydrogen ion.

A

surface hydrophobicity

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12
Q
  • It provides the cellular protection against stressor (NSAIDs, ethanol) induced damage by refolding or degrading denatured proteins, produced by these stressors.
  • It protects the gastric mucosa through inhibition of apoptosis and pro- inflammatory cytokines.
A

heat shock proteins

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13
Q

Provides resistance to back diffusion of acid from gastric lumen to blood plasma

A

intercellular junction

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14
Q

It is composed of mucous, cell debris, fibrin and other plasma proteins
Provides impermeable barrier to back flow of acid and simultaneously block the flow of ECF into gastric lumen.

A

mucoid cap

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15
Q

It is an important regulator of mucous and bicarbonate production.
• Increase mucosal blood flow.
• It inhibits the acid secretion

A

prostaglandins

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16
Q

how do prostaglandins inhibit acid secretion

A

G protein coupled EP3 receptor.

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17
Q

antagonize the

effects of inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase and lipo- oxygenase pathways.

A

prostaglandin E2, lipoxin A4

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18
Q

scavenges the reactive oxygen species and induces antioxidant enzymes

A

melatonin

19
Q

the trefoil factor family protein is a part of which line of defense

A

epithelial

20
Q

TFF are secreted by _________act as a _______

A

mucous cells, barrier

21
Q

protect mucous epithelia from a range of insults and contribute to mucosal repair, increased blood flow and migration of cells.

A

TFFs

22
Q

pancreatic bicarb secretion is a part of which line of defense?

A

epitheilial

23
Q

Duodenal acidification stimulates pancreatic secretion mainly through the release of

A

cholescysotkinin and secretin

24
Q

inhibits the acid secretion from the gastric mucosa and stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreas.

A

secretin

25
Q

Protective Peptides and Enzymes are a part of which line of defense

A

epitheilial

26
Q

are specialized secretory cells which are the main source of antimicrobial peptides.

A

paneth cells

27
Q

where are paneth cells located

A

located primarily in the small intestine,

28
Q

role in host defense, the alpha- defensin and other antimicrobials peptides that are produced by______________have a key homeostatic role in establishing and maintaining the intestinal microbiota

A

paneth cells

29
Q

also secrete Protective Enzymes such as Lysozyme & Phospho lipase A.

A

paneth cells

30
Q

also function as vital trophic factors for the stem cells of the small intestine.

A

paneth cells

31
Q

sensory afferent neurons and growth factors are a part of which line of defense

A

subepitheilial

32
Q

Themainsensoryneuroninstomachare

A

small diameter c fibers containing CGRP (this is a calcitonin peptide)

33
Q

how does CGRP protect against ulceration and help restitution

A
  1. stimulation of blood flow 2. inhibition of acid secretion 3. release of somatostatin 2. inhibition of motility
34
Q

T or F, blood flow decreases during gastric secretion

A

false, it increases

35
Q

stimulates the production of Nitric Oxide (NO), which leads to the dilation of blood vessels and hence blood flow.

A

CGRP

36
Q

gastro protective against ethanol, acetic acid and aspirin induced injury and involved in wound healing.

A

TGF alpha

37
Q

name the two growth factors invovled in cell renewal/repair

A

TGF alpha nad IGF-1

38
Q

Rapid re-epithelialization (restitution) to flat cells takes _______to occur

A

an hour

39
Q

What are the three phases of damage repair of the GIT

A
  1. Rapid re-epithelialization (restitution) to flat cells
  2. Transition of flat to columnar cells
  3. Reformation of pits
40
Q

how long does it take to repair the IGT

A

2 days

41
Q

why do epitheilial cells rapidly migrate into the denuded area

A

restore barrier integrity

42
Q

it starts within minutes to hours of injury and is INDEPENDENT of proliferation

A

epitheilal restitution

43
Q

Proliferation of the mucosal epithelium to increase the pool of enterocytes available to resurface the defect generally begins __________after injurt

A

hours or days after injury

44
Q

The wall of the alimentary canal has four basic tissue layers:

A
  1. Mucosa,
  2. Submucosa,
  3. Muscularis, and
  4. Serosa

GI (14 decks)

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