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EPPP-K > Physiological Psych > Flashcards

Physiological Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Causes muscles to retract (released into neuromuscular junction), involved in REM sleep, regulation of sleep-wake cycle, memory, and learning
  • Myasthenia gravis = autoimmune d/o that attack ACh receptors at neuromuscular junctions = profound weakness of skeletal muscles
  • Memory deficits of Alzheimers = degeneration of ACh cells in entorhinal cortex and other areas that communicate with hippocampus
  • Drugs to slow memory decline = cholinesterase inhibitors = tacrine (Cognex), donepezil (Aricept), galantamine (Reminyl), rivastigmine (Exelon)
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2
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Personality, mood, memory, and sleep
  • Contributor to schizophrenia (dopamine hypothesis) = elevated dopamine levels or oversensitivity to dopamine receptors
  • Involved in regulation of movement Tourette’s d/o = oversensitivity to or excessive dopamine in caudate nucleus
  • Parkinson’s = degeneration of dopamine receptors in the substantia nigra and nearby areas = tremors, muscle rigidity, and other motor sxs
  • Reinforcement of stimulant drugs, opiates, alcohol, and nicotine = elevated levels of dopamine mesolimbic area
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3
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • Mood, attention, dreaming, learning, and certain autonomic fxs
  • Catecholamine hypothesis = some forms of dep. are due to lower levels of norepinephrine
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4
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood, hunger, temperature regulation, sexual activity, sleep, arousal, aggression, and migraine headache

Exerts inhibitory effect

Elevated levels = Schizophrenia, Autistic d/o, food restriction of Anorexia

Lowered levels = aggression, depression, suicide, Bulimia, PTSD, OCD

Abnormalities in both serotonin and dopamine = social phobia

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5
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Eating, seizure, anxiety d/os, motor control, vision, and sleep lowered levels = anxiety disorders

Benzos and other CNS depressants reduce anx by enhancing effects of GABA

Huntingtons = degeneration of cells that secrete GABA in the basal ganglia contribute to motor sxs

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6
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Learning, memory, and LPT (long term potentiation; formation of long-term memory)

Excessive levels = excitotoxicity = seizures, stroke-related brain damage, Huntington’s, Alzheimers, and other neurodegenerative diseases

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7
Q

Endorphines

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter; endogenous morphines

lower sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters

Analgesic properties = pain relief produced by acupuncture

Runner’s high, emotions, memory, learning, and sexual bx

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8
Q

Main 3 brain subdivisions

A

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Forebrain (cortical and subcortical)

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9
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla, pons, and cerebellum

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10
Q

Medulla

A

Hindbrain

  • Influences flow of info b/w spinal cord and brain
  • Swallowing, coughing, sneezing
  • Regulates breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure
  • Damage to medulla is often fatal
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11
Q

Pons

A

Hindbrain

  • Connects two halves of cerebellum
  • Plays a role in integration of movements in the right and left sides of the body
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12
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain

  • Balance and posture
  • Coordinated and refined motor movements (along w/ basal ganglia and motor cortex)
  • Sensorimotor learning, shifting from one stimulus to another
  • Abnormalities = autism, schizophrenia, and ADHD
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13
Q

Ataxia

A
  • Damage to cerebellum
  • Slurred speech, severe tremors, and loss of balance
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14
Q

Midbrain

A

Superior and inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, and reticular formation

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15
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Midbrain

Route visual information

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16
Q

Inferior colliculi

A

Midbrain

Route for auditory information

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17
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Midbrain

  • Involved in motor activity
  • Plays a role in brain’s reward system
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18
Q

Reticular formation

A

Midbrain

  • Extends from spinal cord through hindbrain and midbrain into the hypothalamus
  • Respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, and REM sleep
  • Damage = disrupts sleep-wake cycle; produce permanent coma-like state of sleep
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19
Q

Reticular Activating System

A

Midbrain

  • Part of reticular formation
  • Vital to consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness
  • Screens sensory input, esp. during sleep
  • Arouses higher centers in the brain when important info must be processed
20
Q

Subcortical structures of Forebrain

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Basal ganglia

Limbic system

21
Q

Thalamus

A

Subcortical structure of Forebrain

  • Motor activity, language, and memory
  • “Relay station;” transmits incoming sensory info for all senses except olfaction
22
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Subcortical structure of Forebrain

  • Thiamine deficiency that causes atrophy of neurons in thalamus
  • Result of chronic alcoholism
  • Begins with Wenicke encephalopathy: mental confusion, abnormal eye movement, ataxia
  • Then Korsakoff syndrome: severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation
23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Subcortical structure of Forebrain

  • Hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement, and emotional reactions
  • Monitors internal states and sends signals to mx homeostasis
  • Damage = uncontrollable laughter or intense rage and aggression
24
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

Located in hypothalamus

  • Mediates sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms; involved in seasonal affective disorder
25
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

Located in hypothalamus

Involved in learning and memory

26
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Subcortical structure of Forebrain

  • Consists of the substantia nigra and 3 forebrain structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
  • Planning, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movement and regulating amplitude and direction of motor actions
  • Sensorimotor learning and motoric expressions of emotions (smiling when happy)
27
Q

Diseases/disorders associated with basal ganglia pathology

A

Huntingtons

Parkinsons

Tourettes

ADHD

OCD

Depression, mania, OCD sxs, and psychosis

28
Q

Limbic System

A

Subcortical structure of Forebrain

  • Memory and other cog fx
  • Consists of amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex
29
Q

Amygdala

A

Limbic System

  • integrates, coordinates, and directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, and recall of emotionally-charged experiences
30
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

Damage to amygdala

Reduces fear/aggression, increase docility, dietary changes, hypersexuality, and psychic blindness (inability to recognize the significance or meaning of events/objects)

31
Q

Hippocampus

A

Limbic System

  • Associated with learning and memory
  • Process spatial, visual, and verbal info
  • Formation of visual images
  • Consolidate declarative memories (converting short-term declarative memories to long-term memories)
32
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A

Limbic System

  • Surrounds Corpus Collosum
  • Attention, emotions, and perception of subjective experience of pain
  • Pain = transmission of pain signals and plays imp. role in emotinal resposne to painful stimuli
33
Q

Contralateral Representation

A

Left hemisphere controls functinos of the right side of the body and vice versa

34
Q

Brain Lateralizationial

A

Left = written and spoken language, logical/analytical thinking

Right = Understanding of spatial relationships, creativity, and facial recognition

35
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Primary motor cortex (execution of movement)

Supplementary motor cortex (planning and control of movement)

Premotor cortex (control of movement in response to external stimuli)

Broca’s area (major motor speech area)

Prefrontal cortex (executive functioning)

36
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Difficulties producing spoken and written language

37
Q

Abnormalities in prefrontal cortex

A
  • Reduced metabolism in prefrontal cortex (hypofrontality) = linked to schizophrenia, ADHD, and dementia
  • Dorsal convexity dysexecutive syndrome: damage to dorsolateral area = impaired judgment, insight, planning, and organization. Concrete and perseverative, trouble learning from experience, neglect hygience, have reduced sexual interest, and may be apathetic
  • Orbitofrontal Disinhibition Syndrome: damage to orbitofrontal area = pseudopsychopathy. Emotional lability, distractibility, poor impulse control, and impaired social insight

Mesial Frontal Apathetic Syndrome: damage to mediofrontal area = pseudodepression. Impaired spontaneity, reduced emotional reactions, diminished motor bx and verbal output, and lower-extremity weakness. Do not have vegetative sxs, neg. cognitions, and dysphoria.

38
Q

Parietal lobe damage (dominate side)

A

Disturbance in spatial orientation

Apraxia: Inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning

Somatosensory agnosias:

  • Tactile agnosia: inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
  • Asomatognosia: failure to recognize parts of one’s own body
  • Anosognosia: inability to recognize one’s own neurological sxs or other disorder
39
Q

Lesions in right (non-dominate side) parietal lobe

A

Contralateral neglect: loss of knowledge about or interest in the left side of the body

40
Q

Lesions in left (dominate) parietal lobe

A

Ideational apraxia: inability to carry out a sequence of actions

Ideomotor apraxia: inability to care out a simple action in response to a command

Gerstmann’s syndrome: finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia (inability to write), and acalculia

41
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

  • Mediates encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term declarative memories
42
Q

Damage to temporal lobe

A

Lesions

43
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

visual cortex = visual perception, recognition, and memory

posterior portion = high resolution macular vision

anterior portion = peripheral vision

44
Q

Damage to occipital lobe

A

Apperceptive visual agnosia: unable to perceive objects despite intact visual acuity

Associative visual agnosia: unable to recognize an object that they are focusnig on as the result of impaired memory or inability to access relevant semantic knowledge

Visual hallucinations

Cortical blindness

Left occipital lobe damage = simultanagnosia (cant see more than one thing or aspect of an object at a time)

45
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Inability to recognize familiar faces

damage at the junction of occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes

EPPP-K (15 decks)

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