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EPPP-K > Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Clinical Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Freud’s theories of personality

A

Structural theory and developmental theory

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2
Q

Freud’s Structural theory

A

The personality has 3 structures: Id, ego, & superego.

  • Id: life/death instincts, source of all psychic energy
  • Ego: In response to Id’s inability to gratify all needs; defers gratification of id’s instincts (realistic, rational, planning)
  • Superego: reps internalization of society’s values & standards; attempts to permanently block the id’s unacceptable impulses
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3
Q

Freud’s Developmental Theory

A

Emphasizes sexual drives & personality is formed during childhood in 5 psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

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4
Q

Defense mechanisms

A
  • When ego unable to ward off danger through rational, realistic means
  • Operate on unconscious level and serve to deny/distort reality
  • Repression (id’s drives/needs excluded from conscious awareness)
  • Reaction formation (avoiding by expressing its opposite)
  • Projection
  • Sublimination (channeling id impulse into a more acceptable artistic or intellectual activity
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5
Q

Goal of Freudian Psychoanalysis

A

Reduce or eliminate pathological sxs by bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness & integrating previously repressed material into the personality

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6
Q

Techniques of Freudian psychoanalysis

A

Analysis through:
- Confrontation: making statements or asking questions that help the client see his/her making statements or
behavior in a new way
- Clarification: clarification involves restating a client’s remarks in clearer terms
- Interpretation: used to bring a client’s unconscious material into conscious awareness
- Working through: preceded by catharsis and insight and involves an assimilation of new insights into the personality

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7
Q

Teleological approach

A

Adler’s stance that regards bx as being largely motivated by future goals, rather than determined by past events

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8
Q

Adler’s individual psychology

A

Key concepts:

  • Inferiority feelings (perceived or real weaknesses)
  • Striving for superiority (inherent tendency toward “perfect completion”)
  • Style of life (the way one chooses to compensate for inferiority and achieve superiority; unifies aspects of personality)
  • Social interest
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9
Q

Style of Life

A

Adler

Healthy Style of Life: goals that reflect optimism, confidence, and concern about the welfare of others

Unhealthy (Mistaken) Style of Life: Goals reflecting self-centeredness, competitiveness, and striving for personal power

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10
Q

Adler’s view of maladaptive bx

A

They are a mistaken style of life; maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, achieving personal power, and lack of social interest

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11
Q

Adler therapy goals and techniques

A
  • Collaborative relationship
  • Identify style of life and its consequences
  • Reorienting beliefs/goals to a more adaptive lifestyle
  • Uses “lifestyle investigation” (to gain info on family constellation, hidden goals, and “basic mistakes”)
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12
Q

Jung’s analytical psychotherapy personality theory

A

Personality is the consequence of conscious and unconscious factors

  • Conscious: oriented toward external world, the ego, and represents one’s thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensory perceptions, and memories
  • Unconscious: personal unconscious and collective unconscious (latent memory trances passed through generations)
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13
Q

Archetypes

A

Jung

“primordial images” that cause people to experience and understand certain phenomena in a universal way

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14
Q

Individuation

A
  • Jung
  • The integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche that lead to development of unique identity
  • Individuation leads to wisdom
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15
Q

Analytical Psychotherapy view of maladaptive bx

A

Jung

Sxs are unconscious messages to the individual that something is awry, which present him with a task that demands the be fulfilled

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16
Q

Analytical Psychotherapy’s goals and techniques

A

Jung

Goal: bridge the gap b/w conscious and personal/collective unconscious

Techniques:

  • Rely on interpretations designed to help client become more aware of inner world
  • Dream interpretation (dreamwork)
  • Transference: projections of personal and collective unconscious
  • Countertransference: Useful tool that can provide info about what is occurring during course of therapy
  • Focus on here-and-now, optimistic
  • Use info from past only when it will help client understand the present
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17
Q

Object Relations Theory Personality Theory

A

Mahler, Fairbairn, Klein, & Kernberg

2 main assumptions:

  • people have an innate need for satisfying relationships with objects (other people)
  • Personality and behavior are largely determined by early internalized representations of the self and objects (introjects)
  • Object-seeking (relationships with others) to be basic inborn drive (external object: a person or thing that someone invests in with emotional energy; internal object: our psych/emotional impression of a person. (the representation that we hold onto when the person is not physically there and it influences how we view the person in real life)
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18
Q

Mahler’s Stages of Development

A

Object-Relations theory

  • Initial phase (1st month: normal infantile autism)
  • Normal symbiotic phase (unable to differentiate b/w me & not-me)
  • Separation-individual phase (consists of 4 subphases: differentiation, practicing, reapproachement, and object constancy): outcome is the achievement of a separate identity.

Problems in the separation-individuation phase result in maladaptive bxs in adulthood

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19
Q

Object-Constancy

A

Mahler

  • 3 years of age
  • Developed a permanent sense of self and is able to perceive others as both separate and related
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20
Q

Object Relations view of maladaptive bx

A

The result of abnormalities in early object relations.

  • Problems that occurred during the separation-individuation phase
  • Inadequate resolution of splitting the self and others into “good” and “bad” leads to maladaptive bx
  • BPD: did not integrate +/- aspects of experience w/ others and so continues to shift back and forth b/w contradictory images
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21
Q

Object-Relations goals and techniques

A
  • Provide w/ support, acceptance, and other conditions that restore the client’s ability to relate to others in meaningful, realistic ways
  • Primary goal: bring maladaptive unconscious relationship dynamics into the consciousness so that dysfunctional internalized object reps can be replaced with more appropriate ones
  • Primary focus: Splitting, projective identification, and other defense mechanisms that serve to mx pathological object relations
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22
Q

Person-Centered Therapy

A

Rogers

  • assumes that people have an innate self-actualizing tendency that serves as a major source of motivation
  • describes the self-concept at the part of the person’s experience that he/she perceives as “I” or “me”
  • the ideal self is how the person would like to be
  • the real self is who the person actually is
  • Each person can become self-actualized, but the self needs to remain unified, organized, and whole
23
Q

Person-Centered Therapy view on maladaptive bxs

A

Rogers

  • The self becomes disorganized as the result of incongruence b/w self and experience (experiencing conditions of one’s worth) (may result from conditional positive regard)
  • Incongruence produces unpleasant sensations that are subjectively experienced as anxiety and threat to the unified self.
  • Alleviate anxiety through distortion or denial, which are counter to self-actualization
24
Q

Person-Centered Therapy goals and techniques

A

Rogers

  • Help the client achieve congruence b/w self and experience so that they can become a more full-functioning, self-actualizing person
  • To achieve this goal, therapist provides the ”right” environment using 3 facilitative conditions:
    1. Unconditional positive regard (respect)
    2. Genuineness (Congruence)
    3. Accurate Empathic Understanding
25
Q

Gestalt Therapy personality theory

A
  • Each person is capable of assuming personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated “whole.”

Concepts:

  1. ppl tend to seek closure
  2. a person’s ”gestalts” (perceptions of parts as wholes) reflect their current needs
  3. a person’s bx reps a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts
  4. bx can be fully understood only in its context
  5. a person experiences the world in accord with the principle of figure/ground
26
Q

Gestalt Therapy view of maladaptive bxs

A
  • A “growth disorder” of abandoning the self for the self-image, which results in lack of integration.
  • Contact Boundary Disturbances:
  • Introjection, Projection, Retroflection, & Confluence
27
Q

Gestalt Therapy goals and techniques

A
  • Help client become a unified whole by integrating various aspects of the self
  • Avoid dx, regard transference to be counterproductive and respond to it by helping them recognize difference b/w ”transference fantasy” and reality
  • Primary curative factors as awareness (full understanding of one’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in the here-and-now
  • Use “ready-made” exercises and spontaneous experiments to lead to become aware of or integrate aspects of the personality that have been disowned or denied.
28
Q

Existential Therapy personality theory

A

Derived from existential philosophy (logotherapy, Frankl)

  • Emphasize personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaningful life and assume that people are not static, but are a constant state of evolving/becoming
29
Q

Existential Therapy view of maladaptive bxs

A
  • The result of an inability to cope authentically with the ultimate concern of existence (freedom, death, isolation, meaninglessness)
  • Distinguish b/w existential and neurotic anxiety (attempt to avoid existential anx)
30
Q

Existential Therapy goals and techniques

A
  • Help clients live in more committed, self-aware, authentic, and meaningful ways.
  • Help to recognize their freedom to choose own destiny and accept responsibility for changing their life
  • Therapist-client relationship most imp therapeutic tool
  • Paradoxical intention – reduce fear and require client to focus in an exaggerated & humorous way on the feared situation
31
Q

Reality Therapy personality theory

A

William Glasser (1998)

  • Based on choice theory (ppl resp for their choices & focuses on how ppl make choices that affect the course of their lives)
  • 5 basic needs that motivate: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun
  • Success identity: fulfill needs in a responsible way
  • Failure identity: unable to satisfy needs or does so irresponsibly (this underlies most forms of mental and emotional disturbance)
32
Q

Reality Therapy view of maladaptive bx

A

William Glasser

  • Mental illness result of individual’s choices
  • Someone is depressed because they have chosen to “depress” themselves (to obtain attention, for example)
33
Q

Reality Therapy goals and techniques

A
  1. Rejects the medical model conceptualization of mental illness
  2. Focuses on current bxs and beliefs
  3. Views transference as detrimental to therapy progress
  4. Stresses conscious processes
  5. Emphasizes value judgments (what is right/wrong in daily life)
  • Help clients ID responsible and effective ways to satisfy their needs and develop a success identity
34
Q

Personal Construct Therapy personality theory

A

George Kelly

  • Psych processes are determined by the way one “construes” (perceives, interprets, and predicts ) events with construing involving personal constructs.
  • Personal constructs are bipolar dimensions of meaning (happy/sad, competent/incompetent, friendly/unfriendly) that dev in infancy and are unconscious and conscious
35
Q

Personal Construct Therapy view of maladaptive bxs

A

George Kelly

  • Rejected med model of mental illness & replaced it with a description of anxiety, hostility, and other forms of maladaptive bx as the result on inadequate personal constructs (i.e., someone with a stroke may not know how to behave bc they don’t have constructs that help her bx as a person with a disability)
36
Q

Personal Construct Therapy goals and techniques

A
  • Therapist and client are mutual experts & co-experimenters who work together to replace maladaptive personal constructs
  • Use various assessment and therapy techniques
  • Assessment = ID content and process of client’s construing (repertoire grid, self-charac5terization sketch)
  • Tx: Fixed-role therapy to help clients “try on” and adopt alternative personal constructs. Experiment with other ways of experiencing life by acting out the role of a fictional character who is psychologically different from the client
37
Q

Types of brief therapies

A 
Interpersonal Therapy (Primary Problem Areas)
Solution-Focused Therapy (Questions)
Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change)
Motivational Interviewing (OARS)
38
Q

Interpersonal Therapy description

A

Klerman and Weissman

Brief, manual-based intervention developed for depression; used for bipolar, bulimia, and substance abuse/dependence

39
Q

Interpersonal Therapy view of maladaptive bxs

A

Klerman and Weissman

Bxs related to problems in social roles and interpersonal relationships that are traceable to lack of strong attachments early in life

40
Q

Interpersonal Therapy goals and techniques

A

Klerman and Weissman

  • Focus is on current social relationships
  • Goal: sx reduction and improved interpersonal fx-ing
  • Sx reduction: achieved through education about the disorder, instillation of hope, and pharmacotherapy (if needed)
    Ixs target 4 problem areas: unresolved grief, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits.
  • 3 stages of therapy: Initial stage (assessment), middle phase (uses specific strategies to address prob areas), final stage (review progress, discuss termination, relapse prevention)
41
Q

Solution-Focused Therapy description

A

de Shazar

Based on the assumption that ”you get more of what you talk about;” focuses on solutions to problems rather than the problems themselves

42
Q

Solution-Focused Therapy view of maladaptive bxs

A

de Shazar

Understanding the etiology of the problem bx is irrelevant and focus, instead on solutions to the problems

43
Q

Solution-Focused Therapy goals and techniques

A

Client is viewed as the expert, therapist acts as consultant/collaborator who poses questions:

  1. Miracle Question
  2. Exception Question
  3. Scaling Question
44
Q

The Transtheoretical Model stages of change

A

(Prochaska, DiClemente, Velicer)

  1. Precontemplation (little insight & no intention to change)
  2. Contemplation (aware of need to change, intends to take action w/I next 6 months, but not committed to change)
  3. Preparation (plan to take action w/I next month, realistic plan)
  4. Action (takes concrete steps to change bx; public commitment to make change)
  5. Maintenance (mx’d a change in bx for at least 6 months; taking steps to prevent relapse)
  6. Termination (person feels can resist temptation; is confidence no risk for relapse
  • Mediating variables: decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation
45
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A

(Miller and Rollnick)

  • Used for clients ambivalent toward change
  • Developed from Rogers’ client centered therapy and Banduras notion of self-efficacy
  • Stresses therapist empathy, reflective listening, and responding to resistance in nonconfrontational way
  • Interventions are most effective when match the stage of change
46
Q

Motivational Interview general principles

A

(Miller and Rollnick)

4 general principles:

  1. Express empathy
  2. Develop discrepancies b/w current bx and personal goals and values
  3. Roll with (rather than oppose) resistance
  4. Summarize with acronym OARS
47
Q

Motivational Interviewing OARS

A

OARS:

  1. open-ended questions
  2. Affirmations that express empathy and understanding
  3. Reflective listening to build rapport (using restatements, paraphrasing, and reflection of feeling
  4. Summaries (useful for facilitating transitions)
48
Q

Shared assumptions of psychodynamic psychotherapies:

A
  • general principles apply to everyone
  • the past determines the present
  • insight into how the past influences the present leads to personality and behavior change
49
Q

Freud’s description of transference:

A

unconscious process in which the client projects an earlier relationship onto the therapist

50
Q

Contemporary description of transference:

A

repetition of past, but also consider it to be a reflection of the present relationship between the therapist and client

51
Q

Freud’s description of countertransference:

A

the therapist’s projection of unconscious

feelings onto the client (unhelpful in therapy)

52
Q

Contemporary view of countertransference:

A

a joint product of the therapist and client and

a potential source of information about the client (useful info about how other ppl may experience the client)

53
Q

Feminist revision of objects relation theory proposes:

A
  • gender differences can be traced to difference in mother-son and mother-daughter parenting practices
  • (mother encourages sons to separate from them, but daughters to stay attached)
  • male identity is defined in terms of separation; female identity is based more on relations with others
54
Q

Shared characteristics of humanistic psychotherapies:

A
  • adopt a phenomenological approach that views each person as unique
  • recognize the influence of the past but focus on the here-and-now
  • assume that people have an innate capacity for positive growth or self-actualization
  • stress the importance of developing awareness of one’s own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
  • reject traditional assessment techniques and diagnostic labels

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