Physio quiz bukas na agad!

Question 1

refers to processes—such a
summation and coordination— that produce
coherency and result in harmonious function.

Answer 1

Integration

Question 2

refers to the selective
combination and processing of sensory,
endocrine, and central nervous system (CNS)
information in ways that promote the harmonious
functioning of the whole.

Answer 2

Whole-animal integration

Question 3

is a cell that is specially adapted to
generate an electrical signal—most often in the form of a brief, self propagating impulse called an action potential—that travels from place to place in
the cell.

Answer 3

neuron

Question 4

nucleus and
metabolic center of the
cell

Answer 4

Cell body

Question 5

fibers that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons)

Answer 5

Processes

Question 6

relay sensory signals
to integrative centers of the CNS

Answer 6

Afferent Neuron

Question 7

relay control signals
(instructions) from the CNS to target cells that are under nervous control, such as muscle cells or secretory cells

Answer 7

Efferent Neuron

Question 8

Endocrine control has two essential features:
It is BLANK and BLANK

Answer 8

slow and broadcast.

Question 9

such as neurons, muscle
fibers, and a few others can generate
electrical signals

Answer 9

Excitable cells

Question 10

are one of the most important kinds of electrical signals underlying the integrative activity
of nervous systems

Answer 10

Action potentials

Question 11

results from intense,
localized increases in permeabilities to
specific ions—increases that are both voltage- and time-dependent

Answer 11

action potential

Question 12

Action potentials are propagated along the axons
of neurones via

Answer 12

local currents.

Question 13

The ability to
store charge. The lower capacitance results
in a greater distance before the threshold is
no longer reached.

Answer 13

Membrane Capacitance

Question 14

This depends on
the number of ion channels open. The lower
the number of channels open, the greater
membrane resistance is.

Answer 14

Membrane Resistance

Question 15

Is a specialized site of contact of a
neuron with another neuron

Answer 15

Synapse

Question 16

a presynaptic
signal—usually an action potential— affects a postsynaptic cell.

Answer 16

Synaptic transmission

Question 17

Refers to the ability to change the
functional properties of synapses.

Answer 17

Synapse Transmission

Question 18

electric currents from one cell flow directly into the next cell, changing its membrane potential

Answer 18

Electrical Synapse

Question 19

is a specialized locus where protein channels bridge the gap between two
cells, directly connecting their cytoplasm.

Answer 19

Gap Junction

Question 20

provide a low-resistance
path for current flow, electrically coupling
the cells that they join.

Answer 20

Gap junctions

Question 21

have a discontinuity between the cells
because the 20- to 30-nm synaptic cleft of a chemical synapse is
a barrier to direct electrical communication

Answer 21

chemical synapses

Question 22

Ways of How Neurotransmitter Works (2)

Answer 22

Ionotropic receptors
Metabotropic receptors

Question 23

produce fast changes in membrane potential (depolarization or hyperpolarization) by directly
increasing permeability to ions

Answer 23

Ionotropic receptors

Question 24

have relatively slow, long-lasting modulatory effects on synaptic processes; trigger a signaling cascade of second messengers in the postsynaptic cell

Answer 24

Metabotropic receptors

Question 25

is an increase in the probability that a cell will generate an impulse (an action potential), or if the cell is already generating impulses, excitation causes an increase in the impulse frequency.

Answer 25

Excitation

Question 26

by contrast, is a decrease in the probability of impulse generation or a decrease in impulse frequency.

Answer 26

Inhibition

Question 27

are chemical messengers that carry, boost, and balance signals between neurons (also known as nerve cells) and target cells throughout the body.

Answer 27

Neurotransmitters

Question 28

like dopamine and glutamate, typically act directly on neighboring cells.

Answer 28

Small-molecule transmitters

Question 29

small molecules like insulin and oxytocin, work more subtly, modulating, or adjusting, how cells communicate at the synapse.

Answer 29

neuropeptides

Question 30

Criteria Neurotransmitter (4)

Answer 30

Presence of the chemical within the cell Stimulus-dependent release Action on the postsynaptic cell mechanism for removal

Question 31

These types of neurotransmitters have excitatory effects on the neuron, meaning they increase the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential.

Answer 31

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Question 32

(2) major excitatory neurotransmitters include

Answer 32

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 33

These types of neurotransmitters have inhibitory effects on the neuron; they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire an action potential

Answer 33

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Question 34

often referred to as neuromodulators, are capable of affecting a larger number of neurons at the same time.

Answer 34

Modulatory Neurotransmitters

Question 35

This naturally occurring amino acid acts as the body's main inhibitory chemical messenger.

Answer 35

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Question 36

The most plentiful neurotransmitter found in the nervous system, and plays a role in cognitive functions such as memory and learning.

Answer 36

Glutamate

Question 37

This powerful hormone acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

Answer 37

Oxytocin

Question 38

These neurotransmitters inhibit the transmission of pain signals and promote feelings of euphoria.

Answer 38

Endorphins

Question 39

Also known as adrenaline, Blank is considered both a hormone and a neurotransmitter.

Answer 39

Epinephrine

Question 40

This naturally occurring chemical is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in alertness and is involved in the body's fight-or-flight response.

Answer 40

Norepinephrine

Question 41

This organic compound acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal.

Answer 41

Histamine

Question 42

Commonly known as the feel-good neurotransmitter, dopamine is involved in reward, motivation, and additions.

Answer 42

Dopamine

Question 43

A hormone and neurotransmitter, Blank plays an important role in regulating and modulating mood, sleep, anxiety, sexuality, and appetite

Answer 43

Serotonin

Question 44

are a type of antidepressant medication commonly prescribed to treat depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and panic attacks.

Answer 44

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 45

This naturally occurring chemical acts as a neuromodulator in the brain and is involved in suppressing arousing and improving sleep.

Answer 45

Adenosine

Question 46

Considered to be the energy currency of life, ATP acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Answer 46

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 47

This compound plays a role in affecting smooth muscles, relaxing them to allow blood vessels to dilate and increase blood flow to certain areas of the body.

Answer 47

Nitric oxide

Question 48

This colorless, odorless gas can have toxic and potentially fatal effects when people are exposed to high levels of the substance.

Answer 48

Carbon monoxide

Question 49

This is the only neurotransmitter in its class. Found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is the primary neurotransmitter associated with motor neurons.

Answer 49

Acetylcholine

Question 50

is a chemical substance produced and released by nonneural endocrine cells or by neurons; it exerts regulatory influences on the function of other, distant cells reached via the blood; and it is effective at very low concentrations

Answer 50

hormone

Question 51

Hormones released by neurons are often referred to as

Answer 51

neurohormones

Question 52

Secretory cells may be organized into discrete organs termed

Answer 52

endocrine glands

Question 53

BLANK and BLANK are structured from chains of amino acids

Answer 53

Peptide and protein hormones

Question 54

are modified amino acids; synthesized from tryptophan or tyrosine

Answer 54

Amine hormones