Genetic Engineering and the Future Flashcards
A method of breaking and joining DNA molecules derived from different source forming the recombinant DNA.
Genetic engineering
part of cell’s defense mechanisms against invading foreign genomes
Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
Enzyme that makes possible the insertion of selected piece of DNA
DNA ligase
Commonly used vector/vehicles
Vehicles for cloning
Commonly used vector/vehicles for molecular cloning:
a. Plasmids
b. Bacteriophages
c. Agrobacterium tumefaciens
The cloned DNA is introduced into the host cell
Functional host cell
cells that show the characteristics of the introduced gene
Recipient cells
The first step in rDNA technology is to isolate the desired DNA in its pure form i.e. free from other
macromolecules.
Isolation of Genetic Material
act as molecular scissors that cut DNA at specific locations. These reactions
are called ‘restriction enzyme digestions’.
Restriction enzymes
is a method of making multiple copies of a DNA
sequence using the enzyme – DNA polymerase in vitro.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA to be amplified
Template
small, chemically synthesized oligonucleotides that are complementary to a
region of the DNA
Primers
DNA polymerase
Enzyme
needed to extend the primers by the enzyme.
Nucleotides
The purified DNA and the vector of interest are cut with the same restriction enzyme.
Ligation of DNA Molecules
DNA sequencing together with computer software that align DNA pieces facilitated the shift from gene mapping to DNA sequencing.
1995
Data on human genome sequencing is shown in the public.
1996
Sequencing of 99% of the human genome accomplished
2000
The DNA profile of an individual is uniquely his/her in the same manner that one’s fingerprints are unique and part of its identification.
DNA Fingerprinting
It is claimed that aging may be caused by the buildup mutation of mitochondrial DNA. Scientists in Australia and Japan observed that mitochondrial DNA mutation much faster than
chromosomal DNA.
Mitochondrial DNA and Aging
A recombinant bovine follicle-stimulating hormone (bFSH) produced by Integrated Genetics, Inc. causes superovulation in cattle.
Super-ovulation Hormone
DNA sequence of structural gene for rat pancreatic peptide has been determined by
Japanese scientist. Injection of pancreatic peptide into a strain of obese rats reduced feeding and absorption of fats
Rat Pancreatic Peptide Gene
Carries foreign gene for growth hormone
Transgenic salmon
To improve the characteristics of livestock and poultry, growth hormones are
transferred to the animals.
Transgenic Livestock and Poultry
