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physio 4 last minute Flashcards

1
Q

what leaves the proximal tubule

A

Na, Cl, HCO3, K, H2O, glucose, amino acids

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2
Q

What enters the proximal tubule

A

H+, organic acids and bases

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3
Q

waht enters the thin descending loop of henle

A

Na, Cl, urea

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4
Q

what leaves the thin descending loop of henle

A

H2O

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5
Q

what leaves thick ascending loop of henle

A

Na, Cl, Ca++, K, HCO3, Mg++

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6
Q

What enters the thick ascending loop of henle

A

H

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7
Q

What leaves early distal tubule

A

Na, Cl

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8
Q

What leaves the late distal tubule/collecting duct

A

Na, ADH, H2O, urea, HCO3

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9
Q

What enters the late distal tubual and collecting duckt

A

K< H

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10
Q

How does loop diuretic work

A

blocks Na/K/Cl pump on thick ascending loop of henle

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11
Q

what does loop diuretic cause

A

increase flow of fluid into the late distale tubule, causes K+ secretion to increase

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12
Q

how does thiasine work

A

inhibits NaCl- reabsorptin in early tubule, inhibits water reabortion

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13
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A

Backward flow of urine into ureters during bladder contraction. Enlarges ureters. Increases chances of kidney infection.

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14
Q

ureteronrenal reflex

A

Stone blocks ureter, sensory afferents from ureter cause reflex and constriction of renal arterioles. This decreases fluid flow from that kidney

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15
Q

what is micturtition reflex iniated by

A

bladder stretch receptors

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16
Q

what can inhibit the micturition reflex

A

cortical and suprapotine cetners in brain

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17
Q

what is symphathetic storage reflex initaed by

A

bladder discending, afferent activity

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18
Q

what is somatic storage reflex initiated by

A

sudden increase in bladder pressure

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19
Q

what is somatic storage reflex inhibited by

A

micturiation

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20
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

constriction of afferent arterior to decrease hydrostatic pressure

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21
Q

myogenic mechanism minimized damage to what

A

glomerular caps

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22
Q

tubulglomerular feedback mechanism

A

renale bp increase ,increases RBf and GFR

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23
Q

what does adenosine inhibit

A

renin

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24
Q

inhibition of renin causes what

A

low bp

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25
Q

what is renin released from

A

sympahtetic stimulation of beta1adrenergic receptors on granular cells and renal barorreceptor cells in kidney

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26
Q

what does angiotensin ii do to adrenal cortex

A

increases aldosterone secreteion

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27
Q

how does angiotensin ii affect proximal tubular sodium reabsoption

A

increass

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28
Q

how does PTH affect kdiney

A

increase renal tubular Ca++ reabsoprtion, reduces proximal tubular reaborption of phophate

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29
Q

what stimulates FGF23 production

A

vit D hormone

elevated P

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30
Q

how does FGF23 affect kidney

A

decreases reabsorption of phosphate

decreass production of calcitriol

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31
Q

how does PTH affect calcitriol

A

increases prodcution

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32
Q

how does constrictin effect artierl affect GFR

A

increases

33
Q

how does constrcting afferent arteriole affect GFR

A

decrease

34
Q

what force favors filtration

A

cap hydrostatic pressure

35
Q

what force opposes filtration

A

cap oncotic

hydrostatic pressure in bowmans

36
Q

what moves Na out of lumen

A

Na-H antipoerter

37
Q

how does proximal tubular move Na into interstitial fluid

A

Na/K pump

38
Q

how does glucose move into proximal tubule

A

active transport w/ Na

39
Q

how does glucose leave tubule

A

facilitated diffusion

40
Q

how does amino acid enter and leave tubule

A

same way as glucose

41
Q

how is GFR affected by renal disease

A

decreases

42
Q

low GFR has what affect on creatinine

A

high serum creatinine

43
Q

is distal convoluted tubule permeable to urea?

A

no

44
Q

how does ethanol affect ADH

A

decreases secretion

45
Q

how does morphine affect ADH

A

increases secretion

46
Q

where is most K reabsorbed

A

end of thick ascending limb of loop of henle

47
Q

what stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

A

high K

48
Q

how does alkalosis affect Na/KATP pump

A

stimulates

49
Q

how does ADH affect pericytes

A

vasoconstricts

decreases blood flow

50
Q

how is the ADH half life

A

short

51
Q

median eminence

A

part of hypothalamus where portal vessels aris

52
Q

parts of portal circulation btwn hypothalamus and ant. pituation

A

primary plexus, median eminince

53
Q

what does FSH do in men

A

stimulates sertoli cells to produce ABP and inhibit

54
Q

what does testosterone have neg. feedback on

A

GnRH, LH, FSH

55
Q

inhibin B

A

secreted into blood, selectively inhibits FSH production

56
Q

how does LH binding to receptors on leydig cell affect cAMP

A

increases

57
Q

function of dihydrotestosteone

A

differentiation/maturation of external genitalia. Adult prostatic disease. Increased hair follicle growth during puberty

58
Q

what causes release of CT

A

increased plasma Ca, also gastrin

59
Q

what function does CT have in pregnancy

A

protects moms bone from excess Ca loss during pregnancy

60
Q

what happens when CRH binds to receptor on an. pit

A

exocytosis of ACTH which binds to MC2R on plasma membrane of adrenal cortex

61
Q

what is cholesterone to prenenolone limited by

A

ACTH

62
Q

how does cortisole affect norep. and ep.

A

induces expression of receptors for them

63
Q

how can adrenal adenoma cause cushing

A

hypersecretion of cortisol and neg feedback so low ACTH

64
Q

what is addison’s caused by

A

autoimmune destrcution of adrenal cortex sones

65
Q

what are the alb values for addisons

A

ACTH and CRH high

66
Q

symptoms of addisons

A

Hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, wt loss, hyperpigmentation,

67
Q

progestorn eand inhibin A have neg feedback on what

A

gonadotropins from ant pit

68
Q

vagal stimulation of insuline

A

acetylcholine activates M3 receptors and increases intracellular Ca

69
Q

how does beta adrenergic stimulation affect insulin

A

amplifies secretion

70
Q

how does alpha adrenergic stimulation affect insuline

A

inhibit release

71
Q

where is Glut 4 located

A

skeletal muscle

adipose

72
Q

where is glut 2 located

A

pancreased b cell

liver/kidnye/gut

73
Q

what does glut 4 cause

A

insulin mediated uptake of glucose

74
Q

what does glut 2 cause

A

insulin release

75
Q

what produced IAPP

A

b cells

76
Q

function of IAPP

A

Decreases glucagon secretion, inhibits GI motility, regulates appetite

77
Q

when is GLP1 secreted

A

inresponse to meal

78
Q

functino of GLP1

A

insulin amplifer

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