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SOD
converts O2 into H2O2
gluthathione peroxidase
converts OH- into H2O2
catalase (perozisomes)
converts H2O2 into H20 and O2
Bcl-2
inhibits apoptosis
what are the stages of apoptosis
condensation of chromatin membrane blebbing cellular fragmentation formation of apoptotic bodies phagocytosis of apoptotic cell
extrinisc apoptotic pathway
Fas lingand binds with TNF receptor activating adaptor proteins, which activate initiator caspases
cytochronce c
stimulates initiator capases
endonucleases
break down DNA
acetaminophin
highly reactive quione metabolite that reacts with protein, DNA and causes O2 stress
CCl4
reacts with membrane and ER
cyanide
blocks oxidative phosphorylatin in mitochondira
dystropic calcium looks like
fine white granules or gritty deposites seen in areas of injury and necrosis
when is dystrophic calcification found
damaged heart valves, TB lymph nodes.
what does dystrophic calcification cause
organ dysfunction
what is the serum Ca+ levels with dystrophic calcification
normal
when does metatstic calcifcation take place
increase PTH
incrased osetolysis
vit D disorder
renal failure
What causes increased vascular permeability
vasoactive amines C3a, C5a, bradykine leukotrines PAF substance P
what causes chemotaxis and leukocyte activation
C5a leukotrine B4 chemokines TNF IL1
chemotaxis
directed movement along chemical graident toward injury
directs leukocytes to site of injury
cytokines
locally acting cell to cell mediats
important for inflammation
pyogenic
bacteria that results in the development of purulent inflammation
serosanguineous
serous but with RBCs (makes it red) form of exudate
suppurative
to produce pus
vasoactive amines
cell mediator that results in incraesed permeability of postcapillary venules
effects are immediate but transient
plasmin/lysosomal enzymes (complement)
cleavage to form C5a, c4a, c3a, c3b, C5-9
functino of C3a, C4a, C5a
anaphylatoxin
stimulate histamine release
function of C5a
chemotaxis
functino of C3b
oposinizatino
Lt B4
chemoattractant causing PMN aggregatino
adhesion to endothlial cells
generation of ROS
release of lysosomes
Lipoxin A4 and B4
inhibit leukocyte recruitment
neuropeptides
transmit pain signals
regulat BP
stimulate endocrine secretion
increase vascular permeability
mast cell/basophils
contain vasoactive amines that are relased in acute inflammation
endothlial cells
contract to make blood vessels leakier
express E selectin which enhances later recruitment of leukocytes
ICAM-1 binds to
LPA-1 Mac1
dehiscnes
closed wound splits open
stricture
narrowing of a body passage caused by a wound contracture in hollow viscera
fibronectin
crosslinks with collagen to provide tensile strength to allow for wounds to fully close
MMP
degrades basement membrane and disrupts cell to cell contact
selectins
help with leukocyte rolling
myeloperoxidase
converts H2O2 into HOCl
respiratory burst
imporant in generation of microbicidal activity
beta 2 integin
help with firm adhesion to leukocytes to epithelial cells
interferon gamma
secreted from lyphocytes, stimulates monocytes and macrophages, helps them go from macrophage to epitheloid cells to giant cells
pyrogens
TNG and IL1
glucocorticoids
inhibit wound healing by impariing collagen sysnthesis
