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Science > Physics paper 1 p1-7 > Flashcards

Physics paper 1 p1-7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define energy

A

The ability for something to do work.

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2
Q

Define conservation of energy

A

Can’t be created or destroyed. It can transfer between stores.

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3
Q

Give the unit of energy

A

Joules (J).

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4
Q

Name the 7 different energy stores

A

Chemical, gravitational, kinetic, nuclear, thermal, electromagnetic, elastic

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5
Q

Identify which store of energy is associated with objects raised above the earth’s surface

A

Gravitational.

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6
Q

Identify which store of energy is associated with hot objects

A

Thermal.

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7
Q

Identify which store of energy is associated with moving objects

A

Kinetic.

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8
Q

Identify which store of energy is associated with objects that have been stretched

A

Elastic.

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9
Q

Identify which store of energy is associated with the nucleus of an atom

A

Nuclear.

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10
Q

Identify which store of energy is associated with the energy stored in bonds between atoms

A

Chemical.

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11
Q

Identify which store of energy is associated with charged or magnetised objects

A

Electromagnetic.

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12
Q

Give the equation for calculating weight

A

Weight = mass x gravity

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13
Q

Give the equation for calculating work done

A

Work done = force x distance

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14
Q

Give the equation for calculating Kinetic Energy

A

Kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x speed²

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15
Q

Give the equation for calculating Gravitational Potential Energy

A

Gravitational potential energy = mass x gravity x change in height

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16
Q

Give the equation for calculating force applied to a spring

A

Force applied = spring constant x extension

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17
Q

Give the equation for calculating efficiency of energy or power

A

Efficiency = useful output (energy or power) / total input (energy or power)

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18
Q

Define efficiency

A

A measure of the useful energy transferred by an object compared to the total amount of energy it uses.

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19
Q

Describe how the efficiency of a machine can be improved

A

Lubricate moving parts to reduce friction. Secure all screws to reduce vibrations. Use streamline shapes.

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20
Q

Give the equations for calculating power

A

Power = work done / time; Power = energy transferred / time

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21
Q

Define power

A

The amount of energy transferred by an object each second.

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22
Q

Give the unit of power

A

Watts (W).

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23
Q

Define thermal conductivity

A

The ability of a material to transfer energy by heating.

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24
Q

Define a conductor

A

A material with a high thermal conductivity (it’s good at transferring heat).

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25
Q

Define an insulator

A

A material with a low thermal conductivity (it’s bad at transferring heat).

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26
Q

Define conduction

A

The transfer of energy through a material by the vibration of its atoms.

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27
Q

Define convection

A

The circulation of a fluid caused by increasing its thermal energy.

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28
Q

Define specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a 1kg substance by 1 °C.

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29
Q

Describe how loft insulation reduces heat loss

A

Made from fiberglass which has a low thermal conductivity. The material is mainly air

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30
Q

Describe how cavity wall insulation reduces heat loss

A

Made from insulating foam. Contains air pockets to stop conduction.

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31
Q

Describe how double glazing reduces heat loss

A

Vacuum between two panes of glass. Reduces conduction and convection.

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32
Q

Describe how aluminium foil behind a radiator reduces heat loss

A

Shiny surface reflects heat back into the room.

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33
Q

Give factors that affect how quickly a substance heats up

A

Mass, thermal energy applied, specific heat capacity

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34
Q

Define fuels

A

Substances that release energy when burned.

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35
Q

Define fossil fuels

A

Fuels made from dead animals and plants. Non renewable.

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36
Q

Define biofuel

A

Fuels made directly from plant material. Renewable.

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37
Q

Describe what is meant by ‘carbon neutral’

A

Total amount of carbon dioxide emitted during combustion is balanced by the amount absorbed during growth.

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38
Q

Define renewable

A

It is replaced at the rate it is being used.

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39
Q

List the different forms of renewable energy

A

Biofuels, solar, wind, wave, tidal, hydroelectric, geothermal

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40
Q

Give the advantages of using energy from renewable sources

A

No greenhouse gases. They won’t run out. Less maintenance.

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41
Q

Give the disadvantages of using energy from renewable sources

A

Expensive, unreliable, generates less energy than fossil fuels.

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42
Q

Give the advantages of solar power

A

Free once built, no pollution.

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43
Q

Give the disadvantages of solar power

A

Expensive, doesn’t work at night.

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44
Q

Give the advantages of hydroelectric power

A

No waste,water can be stored and used to generate power.

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45
Q

Give the disadvantages of hydroelectric power

A

Dams destroy environment, affects water quality

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46
Q

Give the advantages of wind power

A

No fuel needed, area underneath can be used for farming

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47
Q

Give the disadvantages of wind power

A

Noisy,unsightly

48
Q

Give the advantages of biomass

A

Cheap,recycles waste, carbon neutral

49
Q

Give the disadvantages of biomass

A

Greenhouse gases released.

50
Q

Give the advantages of geothermal power

A

Power stations are small,no pollution

51
Q

Give the disadvantages of geothermal power

A

Can only be built in specific locations

52
Q

Give the advantages of nuclear power

A

High energy output, powerstation has high lifespan

53
Q

Give the disadvantages of nuclear power

A

Radioactive waste

54
Q

Describe how a power station works

A

Fuels are burnt to release steam. Steam turns a turbine. Generator makes electricity. Transformer sets correct voltage.

55
Q

Define electrical current

A

Flow of charge from positive to negative terminal of a battery.

56
Q

Describe what an electrical current is made up of

A

Moving electrons.

57
Q

Give the unit for current

A

Amps (A).

58
Q

Describe how we measure current

A

With an ammeter

59
Q

Define potential difference

A

Work done between two points in a circuit.

60
Q

Give the unit for potential difference

A

Volts (V).

61
Q

Describe how we measure potential difference

A

With a voltmeter

62
Q

Define resistance

A

Materials that oppose the flow of current.

63
Q

Give the unit for resistance

A

Ohms (Ω).

64
Q

List factors that affect resistance

A

Length and thickness of wires. Number of components. Temperature and type (series/parallel) of circuit. Materials.

65
Q

Describe what happens to the resistance as a wire gets longer

A

Resistance increases.

66
Q

Define a series circuit

A

All components connected in the same loop. Current has one path to flow in.

67
Q

Give the current/potential difference/resistance characteristics of a series circuit

A

Current = same everywhere. Potential difference = shared between components. Total resistance = sum of resistances added.

68
Q

Define a parallel circuit

A

Components can be set up in different loops. The current has more than one path to flow in.

69
Q

Give the current/potential difference/resistance characteristics of a parallel circuit

A

Total current = sum of currents through each branch. Potential difference = same across each branch. Resistance = decreases as you add more resistors in parallel.

70
Q

Describe how to calculate potential difference (V)

A

Potential difference = current x resistance. V = IR

71
Q

Give the equation that links power

A

current and potential difference

72
Q

Give the equation that links power

A

current and resistance

73
Q

Give the equation that links energy transferred

A

charge flow and potential difference

74
Q

Define alternating current

A

An electric current that repeatedly changes direction.

75
Q

Define direct current

A

An electric current that flows in one direction.

76
Q

Define power

A

Rate of energy transfer (P= E/t). Measured in Watts.

77
Q

Name and explain the role of the blue wire in a cable

A

Neutral wire. Carries a 0V potential difference. Completes the circuit.

78
Q

Name and explain the role of the brown wire in a cable

A

Live wire. Carries the 230V alternating potential difference.

79
Q

Name and explain the role of the green & yellow wire in a cable

A

Earth wire. Safety feature that prevents electric shocks.

80
Q

List the three equations for calculating power

A

Power = Energy / time
Power = Current x potential difference
Power = Current² x resistance

81
Q

Define ‘national grid’

A

Network of cables and transformers connecting electricity producers to users.

82
Q

Explain what a step up transformer does

A

Increases potential difference. Reduces current. Stops cables getting hot. Reduces wasted energy. Increases efficiency.

83
Q

Explain what a step down transformer does

A

Decreases potential difference. Increases current. Makes it safe to be used in houses by appliances.

84
Q

Give the UK mains electricity frequency and potential difference

A

Alternating current; Frequency = 50Hz; Potential difference = 230V

85
Q

List the properties of solids

A

Fixed shape fixed volume, cannot be compressed, particles arranged in rows, particles vibrate in fixed positions

86
Q

List the properties of liquids

A

Change shape,fixed volume, cannot be compressed, particles arranged randomly but still touching, particles can slide past each other.

87
Q

List the properties of gases

A

Change shape,change volume, can be compressed, particles arranged randomly and spaced far apart, particles move freely in all directions.

88
Q

Give the name of the process that changes a solid to a liquid

A

Melting.

89
Q

Give the name of the process that changes a liquid to a gas

A

Boiling.

90
Q

Give the name of the process that changes a gas to a liquid

A

Condensing.

91
Q

Give the name of the process that changes a liquid to a solid

A

Freezing.

92
Q

State what happens to the temperature during a change in state

A

Stays the same.

93
Q

Define density

A

Amount of mass per unit of volume.

94
Q

Give the formula for calculating density

A

Mass / volume

95
Q

Give the name of the piece of equipment would you use to measure the volume of an irregularly shaped object

A

Eureka can.

96
Q

Define internal energy

A

Total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a system.

97
Q

Define latent heat

A

Energy needed to change state.

98
Q

Define latent heat of fusion

A

Energy needed to melt 1kg of solid.

99
Q

Define latent heat of vaporisation

A

Energy needed to boil 1kg of liquid.

100
Q

Give the formula for calculating latent heat

A

Energy = mass x latent heat

101
Q

Describe what causes air pressure on a surface

A

Particles colliding with walls of a container.

102
Q

List 3 ways the pressure of a gas be increased

A

Reducing container size (volume); Increasing temperature; Increasing particle concentration.

103
Q

List the three types of radiation

A

Alpha; Beta; Gamma.

104
Q

Give the properties of alpha radiation

A

Helium nucleus,positively charged, most ionising, least penetrating, most dangerous at short distances, stopped by paper.

105
Q

Give the properties of beta radiation

A

High energy electron,negatively charged, medium ionisation and penetration, most dangerous at mid distances, stopped by aluminium.

106
Q

Give the properties of gamma radiation

A

Electromagnetic wave,no charge, least ionising, most penetrating, most dangerous at long distances, stopped by concrete.

107
Q

Define background radiation

A

Low levels of radiation that are around us all the time.

108
Q

List the natural sources of background radiation

A

Radon gas; Cosmic rays; Food and drink; Grounds and buildings.

109
Q

List the man-made sources of background radiation

A

Medical x-rays; Nuclear power; Nuclear weapons.

110
Q

Describe the plum pudding model of the atom

A

Mass evenly distributed. Positive charge spread throughout the atom. Electrons embedded randomly. Atom is solid.

111
Q

State who conducted the gold foil experiment

A

Ernest Rutherford.

112
Q

Describe 3 things that were observed during the gold foil experiment

A

Alpha particles went straight through; Some deflected; Some bounced back.

113
Q

Give 3 conclusions which resulted from the gold foil experiment

A

Atoms are mostly empty space; Small central region of positive charge; Most of the mass is in this central region.

114
Q

State what the gold foil experiment proved

A

Existence of the nucleus.

115
Q

Describe the nuclear model of the atom

A

Mass concentrated in the nucleus; Positive charge in the nucleus only; Electrons orbit in shells; Mostly empty space.

116
Q

Define half life

A

The time taken for radiation levels to decrease by 50%.

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