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Science > Biology paper 1 b6-9 > Flashcards

Biology paper 1 b6-9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe how bacterial infections are treated

A

Antibiotics.

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2
Q

Describe how viral infections are treated

A

Vaccinations/antiretroviral drugs.

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3
Q

Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections

A

It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body’s tissues.

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4
Q

Describe what painkillers do

A

Treat symptoms but don’t kill pathogens.

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5
Q

Explain how a vaccine works

A

Contains dead/inactive pathogens. White blood cells make antibodies that kill the pathogen. White blood cells remember the antibodies and respond quicker to future infections.

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6
Q

Define herd immunity

A

Reducing the spread of a disease by vaccinating a large proportion of a population. Reduces the spread of the pathogen.

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7
Q

Define Penicillin

A

An antibiotic produced from Penicillium mould.

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8
Q

Give the name of the person who discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming.

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9
Q

Name the drug that comes from foxgloves

A

The heart drug digitalis.

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10
Q

Name the drug that comes from willow

A

The painkiller aspirin.

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11
Q

Define antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

Strains of bacteria that have evolved resistance to antibiotics.

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12
Q

Explain how antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are produced

A

Overusing, not finishing a full course of, or sharing antibiotics.

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13
Q

Name 3 things that new drugs are tested on during preclinical trials

A

Cells, tissues and animals.

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14
Q

Name 3 things that new drugs are tested for

A

Toxicity, efficacy and dose.

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15
Q

Define clinical trials

A

Research studies involving human patients.

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16
Q

Give the stages of clinical trials

A

Test on healthy volunteers to check side effects. Test on patients with the disease to check it works and to find the best dosage.

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17
Q

Define a placebo

A

A medicine that does not contain the active drug.

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18
Q

Define a double blind trial

A

When the doctor and patient don’t know who receives the drug. Reduces bias.

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19
Q

Describe what must happen before a drug can be sold

A

Results from clinical trials are published. Results are reviewed by independent scientists.

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20
Q

Define non-communicable disease

A

Cannot be spread. Not caused by pathogens e.g. Cancer.

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21
Q

Define carcinogen

A

Chemicals that cause cancer e.g. Tar.

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22
Q

Define mutation

A

Change in the DNA/genetic material.

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23
Q

Define tumour

A

Bundle of abnormal cells dividing rapidly and out of control.

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24
Q

Define a benign (non-cancerous) tumour

A

Contained in one place, usually within a membrane. Doesn’t spread or invade other tissues.

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25
Q

Define a malignant (cancerous) tumour

A

Invades other tissues, spreads to other parts of the body in the blood. Secondary tumours form.

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26
Q

Describe how cancer can be treated

A

Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy.

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27
Q

Describe how radiotherapy works

A

Uses ionising radiation to kill cancer cells.

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28
Q

Describe how chemotherapy works

A

Uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.

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29
Q

Give the three harmful substances in cigarette smoke

A

Nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide.

30
Q

Name the addictive substance in cigarette smoke

A

Nicotine.

31
Q

Name the carcinogenic (cancer causing) substance in cigarette smoke

A

Tar.

32
Q

List the harmful effects of carbon monoxide

A

Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen. Can cause dizziness/sickness and death.

33
Q

Describe why is alcohol harmful

A

It’s poisonous and addictive.

34
Q

Describe how alcohol affects the body

A

It affects the nervous system. It slows reflexes and thought processes. Causes lack of self-control and judgement. Can cause liver damage and brain damage.

35
Q

Explain why pregnant women should avoid alcohol

A

Can cause foetal alcohol syndrome. Can cause stillbirths and miscarriages. Low birth weights and premature births.

36
Q

List the 3 lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of disease

A

Diet, alcohol, smoking.

37
Q

List 3 factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

A

Diet, smoking, lack of exercise.

38
Q

Name the main risk factor for type II diabetes

A

Obesity.

39
Q

List the three groups of risk factors for disease

A

Lifestyle, Genetic, Environmental.

40
Q

State the different organs in plants

A

Roots, stem, leaves.

41
Q

State the different tissues in a leaf

A

Wax cuticles, upper/lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, stomata.

42
Q

Give the role of the wax cuticles

A

Waterproof the leaf, prevent pathogenic entry.

43
Q

Give the role of the upper/lower epidermis

A

Skin-like, protective layer.

44
Q

Give the role of the palisade mesophyll cells

A

Photosynthesis. They are found at the top of the leaf and contain chloroplasts.

45
Q

Give the role of the spongy mesophyll cells

A

Air spaces to allow gases to diffuse.

46
Q

State what the stomata are

A

Holes on the underside of a leaf. Controlled by guard cells.

47
Q

Give the role of the stomata

A

Open and close to allow gases into and out of the leaf.

48
Q

List the resources needed for photosynthesis

A

Water (Roots). Carbon dioxide (through stomata). Sunlight.

49
Q

State the products of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen and glucose.

50
Q

Give the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.

51
Q

Suggest what a plant uses glucose for

A

Respiration. Store it as starch as an energy store. Making proteins, fats, and oils for growth and repair.

52
Q

List the 3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

Temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide.

53
Q

Give the role of the xylem cells

A

Transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves in the transpiration stream.

54
Q

Give the role of the phloem cells

A

Transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant in translocation.

55
Q

Name the organelle where respiration takes place.

A

Mitochondria.

56
Q

Describe the difference between breathing and respiration.

A

Respiration = chemical process in cells. Breathing = physical process in lungs.

57
Q

Name the two types of respiration.

A

Aerobic (with oxygen) and Anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration.

58
Q

What does respiration release?

A

Energy.

59
Q

Describe why respiration is important.

A

Growth and repair, muscle contraction, maintains body temperature, active transport.

60
Q

Give the word equation for aerobic respiration.

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.

61
Q

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration (Part 1: During exercise).

A

Glucose → Lactic acid.

62
Q

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration (Part 2: After exercise).

A

Lactic acid + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.

63
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

Poisonous waste product, causes cramps.

64
Q

Describe how your body gets rid of lactic acid.

A

React it with oxygen.

65
Q

Define oxygen debt.

A

Amount of oxygen needed to get rid of lactic acid.

66
Q

Describe the effect exercise has on your heart.

A

Heart rate increases. Supply of oxygen and glucose to cells increases.

67
Q

Describe the effect exercise has on your breathing rate.

A

Breathing rate increases. Speeds up removal of carbon dioxide and absorption of oxygen.

68
Q

Describe the effect exercise has on your temperature.

A

Temperature increases. Respiration is exothermic.

69
Q

Describe the effect exercise has on your glycogen stores.

A

Glycogen stores decrease. Glycogen is broken down into glucose which is used in respiration.

70
Q

Define fermentation.

A

Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms.

71
Q

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms.

A

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide.

Science (21 decks)

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