Biology paper 1 b6-9 Flashcards
Describe how bacterial infections are treated
Antibiotics.
Describe how viral infections are treated
Vaccinations/antiretroviral drugs.
Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections
It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body’s tissues.
Describe what painkillers do
Treat symptoms but don’t kill pathogens.
Explain how a vaccine works
Contains dead/inactive pathogens. White blood cells make antibodies that kill the pathogen. White blood cells remember the antibodies and respond quicker to future infections.
Define herd immunity
Reducing the spread of a disease by vaccinating a large proportion of a population. Reduces the spread of the pathogen.
Define Penicillin
An antibiotic produced from Penicillium mould.
Give the name of the person who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming.
Name the drug that comes from foxgloves
The heart drug digitalis.
Name the drug that comes from willow
The painkiller aspirin.
Define antibiotic resistant bacteria
Strains of bacteria that have evolved resistance to antibiotics.
Explain how antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are produced
Overusing, not finishing a full course of, or sharing antibiotics.
Name 3 things that new drugs are tested on during preclinical trials
Cells, tissues and animals.
Name 3 things that new drugs are tested for
Toxicity, efficacy and dose.
Define clinical trials
Research studies involving human patients.
Give the stages of clinical trials
Test on healthy volunteers to check side effects. Test on patients with the disease to check it works and to find the best dosage.
Define a placebo
A medicine that does not contain the active drug.
Define a double blind trial
When the doctor and patient don’t know who receives the drug. Reduces bias.
Describe what must happen before a drug can be sold
Results from clinical trials are published. Results are reviewed by independent scientists.
Define non-communicable disease
Cannot be spread. Not caused by pathogens e.g. Cancer.
Define carcinogen
Chemicals that cause cancer e.g. Tar.
Define mutation
Change in the DNA/genetic material.
Define tumour
Bundle of abnormal cells dividing rapidly and out of control.
Define a benign (non-cancerous) tumour
Contained in one place, usually within a membrane. Doesn’t spread or invade other tissues.
Define a malignant (cancerous) tumour
Invades other tissues, spreads to other parts of the body in the blood. Secondary tumours form.
Describe how cancer can be treated
Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy.
Describe how radiotherapy works
Uses ionising radiation to kill cancer cells.
Describe how chemotherapy works
Uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.