Biology paper 1 b6-9 Flashcards
Describe how bacterial infections are treated
Antibiotics.
Describe how viral infections are treated
Vaccinations/antiretroviral drugs.
Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections
It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body’s tissues.
Describe what painkillers do
Treat symptoms but don’t kill pathogens.
Explain how a vaccine works
Contains dead/inactive pathogens. White blood cells make antibodies that kill the pathogen. White blood cells remember the antibodies and respond quicker to future infections.
Define herd immunity
Reducing the spread of a disease by vaccinating a large proportion of a population. Reduces the spread of the pathogen.
Define Penicillin
An antibiotic produced from Penicillium mould.
Give the name of the person who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming.
Name the drug that comes from foxgloves
The heart drug digitalis.
Name the drug that comes from willow
The painkiller aspirin.
Define antibiotic resistant bacteria
Strains of bacteria that have evolved resistance to antibiotics.
Explain how antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are produced
Overusing, not finishing a full course of, or sharing antibiotics.
Name 3 things that new drugs are tested on during preclinical trials
Cells, tissues and animals.
Name 3 things that new drugs are tested for
Toxicity, efficacy and dose.
Define clinical trials
Research studies involving human patients.
Give the stages of clinical trials
Test on healthy volunteers to check side effects. Test on patients with the disease to check it works and to find the best dosage.
Define a placebo
A medicine that does not contain the active drug.
Define a double blind trial
When the doctor and patient don’t know who receives the drug. Reduces bias.
Describe what must happen before a drug can be sold
Results from clinical trials are published. Results are reviewed by independent scientists.
Define non-communicable disease
Cannot be spread. Not caused by pathogens e.g. Cancer.
Define carcinogen
Chemicals that cause cancer e.g. Tar.
Define mutation
Change in the DNA/genetic material.
Define tumour
Bundle of abnormal cells dividing rapidly and out of control.
Define a benign (non-cancerous) tumour
Contained in one place, usually within a membrane. Doesn’t spread or invade other tissues.
Define a malignant (cancerous) tumour
Invades other tissues, spreads to other parts of the body in the blood. Secondary tumours form.
Describe how cancer can be treated
Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy.
Describe how radiotherapy works
Uses ionising radiation to kill cancer cells.
Describe how chemotherapy works
Uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.
Give the three harmful substances in cigarette smoke
Nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide.
Name the addictive substance in cigarette smoke
Nicotine.
Name the carcinogenic (cancer causing) substance in cigarette smoke
Tar.
List the harmful effects of carbon monoxide
Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen. Can cause dizziness/sickness and death.
Describe why is alcohol harmful
It’s poisonous and addictive.
Describe how alcohol affects the body
It affects the nervous system. It slows reflexes and thought processes. Causes lack of self-control and judgement. Can cause liver damage and brain damage.
Explain why pregnant women should avoid alcohol
Can cause foetal alcohol syndrome. Can cause stillbirths and miscarriages. Low birth weights and premature births.
List the 3 lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of disease
Diet, alcohol, smoking.
List 3 factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
Diet, smoking, lack of exercise.
Name the main risk factor for type II diabetes
Obesity.
List the three groups of risk factors for disease
Lifestyle, Genetic, Environmental.
State the different organs in plants
Roots, stem, leaves.
State the different tissues in a leaf
Wax cuticles, upper/lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, stomata.
Give the role of the wax cuticles
Waterproof the leaf, prevent pathogenic entry.
Give the role of the upper/lower epidermis
Skin-like, protective layer.
Give the role of the palisade mesophyll cells
Photosynthesis. They are found at the top of the leaf and contain chloroplasts.
Give the role of the spongy mesophyll cells
Air spaces to allow gases to diffuse.
State what the stomata are
Holes on the underside of a leaf. Controlled by guard cells.
Give the role of the stomata
Open and close to allow gases into and out of the leaf.
List the resources needed for photosynthesis
Water (Roots). Carbon dioxide (through stomata). Sunlight.
State the products of photosynthesis
Oxygen and glucose.
Give the word equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.
Suggest what a plant uses glucose for
Respiration. Store it as starch as an energy store. Making proteins, fats, and oils for growth and repair.
List the 3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
Temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide.
Give the role of the xylem cells
Transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves in the transpiration stream.
Give the role of the phloem cells
Transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant in translocation.
Name the organelle where respiration takes place.
Mitochondria.
Describe the difference between breathing and respiration.
Respiration = chemical process in cells. Breathing = physical process in lungs.
Name the two types of respiration.
Aerobic (with oxygen) and Anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration.
What does respiration release?
Energy.
Describe why respiration is important.
Growth and repair, muscle contraction, maintains body temperature, active transport.
Give the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration (Part 1: During exercise).
Glucose → Lactic acid.
Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration (Part 2: After exercise).
Lactic acid + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
What is lactic acid?
Poisonous waste product, causes cramps.
Describe how your body gets rid of lactic acid.
React it with oxygen.
Define oxygen debt.
Amount of oxygen needed to get rid of lactic acid.
Describe the effect exercise has on your heart.
Heart rate increases. Supply of oxygen and glucose to cells increases.
Describe the effect exercise has on your breathing rate.
Breathing rate increases. Speeds up removal of carbon dioxide and absorption of oxygen.
Describe the effect exercise has on your temperature.
Temperature increases. Respiration is exothermic.
Describe the effect exercise has on your glycogen stores.
Glycogen stores decrease. Glycogen is broken down into glucose which is used in respiration.
Define fermentation.
Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms.
Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms.
Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide.
