Biology paper 1 b6-9

Question 1

Describe how bacterial infections are treated

Answer 1

Antibiotics.

Question 2

Describe how viral infections are treated

Answer 2

Vaccinations/antiretroviral drugs.

Question 3

Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections

Answer 3

It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body’s tissues.

Question 4

Describe what painkillers do

Answer 4

Treat symptoms but don’t kill pathogens.

Question 5

Explain how a vaccine works

Answer 5

Contains dead/inactive pathogens. White blood cells make antibodies that kill the pathogen. White blood cells remember the antibodies and respond quicker to future infections.

Question 6

Define herd immunity

Answer 6

Reducing the spread of a disease by vaccinating a large proportion of a population. Reduces the spread of the pathogen.

Question 7

Define Penicillin

Answer 7

An antibiotic produced from Penicillium mould.

Question 8

Give the name of the person who discovered penicillin

Answer 8

Alexander Fleming.

Question 9

Name the drug that comes from foxgloves

Answer 9

The heart drug digitalis.

Question 10

Name the drug that comes from willow

Answer 10

The painkiller aspirin.

Question 11

Define antibiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 11

Strains of bacteria that have evolved resistance to antibiotics.

Question 12

Explain how antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are produced

Answer 12

Overusing, not finishing a full course of, or sharing antibiotics.

Question 13

Name 3 things that new drugs are tested on during preclinical trials

Answer 13

Cells, tissues and animals.

Question 14

Name 3 things that new drugs are tested for

Answer 14

Toxicity, efficacy and dose.

Question 15

Define clinical trials

Answer 15

Research studies involving human patients.

Question 16

Give the stages of clinical trials

Answer 16

Test on healthy volunteers to check side effects. Test on patients with the disease to check it works and to find the best dosage.

Question 17

Define a placebo

Answer 17

A medicine that does not contain the active drug.

Question 18

Define a double blind trial

Answer 18

When the doctor and patient don’t know who receives the drug. Reduces bias.

Question 19

Describe what must happen before a drug can be sold

Answer 19

Results from clinical trials are published. Results are reviewed by independent scientists.

Question 20

Define non-communicable disease

Answer 20

Cannot be spread. Not caused by pathogens e.g. Cancer.

Question 21

Define carcinogen

Answer 21

Chemicals that cause cancer e.g. Tar.

Question 22

Define mutation

Answer 22

Change in the DNA/genetic material.

Question 23

Define tumour

Answer 23

Bundle of abnormal cells dividing rapidly and out of control.

Question 24

Define a benign (non-cancerous) tumour

Answer 24

Contained in one place, usually within a membrane. Doesn’t spread or invade other tissues.

Question 25

Define a malignant (cancerous) tumour

Answer 25

Invades other tissues, spreads to other parts of the body in the blood. Secondary tumours form.

Question 26

Describe how cancer can be treated

Answer 26

Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy.

Question 27

Describe how radiotherapy works

Answer 27

Uses ionising radiation to kill cancer cells.

Question 28

Describe how chemotherapy works

Answer 28

Uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.

Question 29

Give the three harmful substances in cigarette smoke

Answer 29

Nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide.

Question 30

Name the addictive substance in cigarette smoke

Answer 30

Nicotine.

Question 31

Name the carcinogenic (cancer causing) substance in cigarette smoke

Answer 31

Tar.

Question 32

List the harmful effects of carbon monoxide

Answer 32

Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen. Can cause dizziness/sickness and death.

Question 33

Describe why is alcohol harmful

Answer 33

It’s poisonous and addictive.

Question 34

Describe how alcohol affects the body

Answer 34

It affects the nervous system. It slows reflexes and thought processes. Causes lack of self-control and judgement. Can cause liver damage and brain damage.

Question 35

Explain why pregnant women should avoid alcohol

Answer 35

Can cause foetal alcohol syndrome. Can cause stillbirths and miscarriages. Low birth weights and premature births.

Question 36

List the 3 lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of disease

Answer 36

Diet, alcohol, smoking.

Question 37

List 3 factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 37

Diet, smoking, lack of exercise.

Question 38

Name the main risk factor for type II diabetes

Answer 38

Obesity.

Question 39

List the three groups of risk factors for disease

Answer 39

Lifestyle, Genetic, Environmental.

Question 40

State the different organs in plants

Answer 40

Roots, stem, leaves.

Question 41

State the different tissues in a leaf

Answer 41

Wax cuticles, upper/lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, stomata.

Question 42

Give the role of the wax cuticles

Answer 42

Waterproof the leaf, prevent pathogenic entry.

Question 43

Give the role of the upper/lower epidermis

Answer 43

Skin-like, protective layer.

Question 44

Give the role of the palisade mesophyll cells

Answer 44

Photosynthesis. They are found at the top of the leaf and contain chloroplasts.

Question 45

Give the role of the spongy mesophyll cells

Answer 45

Air spaces to allow gases to diffuse.

Question 46

State what the stomata are

Answer 46

Holes on the underside of a leaf. Controlled by guard cells.

Question 47

Give the role of the stomata

Answer 47

Open and close to allow gases into and out of the leaf.

Question 48

List the resources needed for photosynthesis

Answer 48

Water (Roots). Carbon dioxide (through stomata). Sunlight.

Question 49

State the products of photosynthesis

Answer 49

Oxygen and glucose.

Question 50

Give the word equation for photosynthesis

Answer 50

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.

Question 51

Suggest what a plant uses glucose for

Answer 51

Respiration. Store it as starch as an energy store. Making proteins, fats, and oils for growth and repair.

Question 52

List the 3 factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

Answer 52

Temperature, light intensity, carbon dioxide.

Question 53

Give the role of the xylem cells

Answer 53

Transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves in the transpiration stream.

Question 54

Give the role of the phloem cells

Answer 54

Transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant in translocation.

Question 55

Name the organelle where respiration takes place.

Answer 55

Mitochondria.

Question 56

Describe the difference between breathing and respiration.

Answer 56

Respiration = chemical process in cells. Breathing = physical process in lungs.

Question 57

Name the two types of respiration.

Answer 57

Aerobic (with oxygen) and Anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration.

Question 58

What does respiration release?

Answer 58

Energy.

Question 59

Describe why respiration is important.

Answer 59

Growth and repair, muscle contraction, maintains body temperature, active transport.

Question 60

Give the word equation for aerobic respiration.

Answer 60

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.

Question 61

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration (Part 1: During exercise).

Answer 61

Glucose → Lactic acid.

Question 62

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration (Part 2: After exercise).

Answer 62

Lactic acid + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.

Question 63

What is lactic acid?

Answer 63

Poisonous waste product, causes cramps.

Question 64

Describe how your body gets rid of lactic acid.

Answer 64

React it with oxygen.

Question 65

Define oxygen debt.

Answer 65

Amount of oxygen needed to get rid of lactic acid.

Question 66

Describe the effect exercise has on your heart.

Answer 66

Heart rate increases. Supply of oxygen and glucose to cells increases.

Question 67

Describe the effect exercise has on your breathing rate.

Answer 67

Breathing rate increases. Speeds up removal of carbon dioxide and absorption of oxygen.

Question 68

Describe the effect exercise has on your temperature.

Answer 68

Temperature increases. Respiration is exothermic.

Question 69

Describe the effect exercise has on your glycogen stores.

Answer 69

Glycogen stores decrease. Glycogen is broken down into glucose which is used in respiration.

Question 70

Define fermentation.

Answer 70

Anaerobic respiration in microorganisms.

Question 71

Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms.

Answer 71

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide.