b6 and b7

Question 1

Describe how bacterial infections are treated

Answer 1

Antibiotics.

Question 2

Describe how viral infections are treated

Answer 2

Vaccinations/antiretroviral drugs.

Question 3

Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to treat viral infections

Answer 3

It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the body’s tissues.

Question 4

Describe what painkillers do

Answer 4

Treat symptoms but don’t kill pathogens.

Question 5

Explain how a vaccine works

Answer 5

Contains dead/inactive pathogens. White blood cells make antibodies that kill the pathogen. White blood cells remember the antibodies and respond quicker to future infections.

Question 6

Define herd immunity

Answer 6

Reducing the spread of a disease by vaccinating a large proportion of a population. Reduces the spread of the pathogen.

Question 7

Define Penicillin

Answer 7

An antibiotic produced from Penicillium mould.

Question 8

Give the name of the person who discovered penicillin

Answer 8

Alexander Fleming.

Question 9

Name the drug that comes from foxgloves

Answer 9

The heart drug digitalis.

Question 10

Name the drug that comes from willow

Answer 10

The painkiller aspirin.

Question 11

Define antibiotic resistant bacteria

Answer 11

Strains of bacteria that have evolved resistance to antibiotics.

Question 12

Explain how antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are produced

Answer 12

Overusing, not finishing a full course of, or sharing antibiotics.

Question 13

Name 3 things that new drugs are tested on during preclinical trials

Answer 13

Cells, tissues and animals.

Question 14

Name 3 things that new drugs are tested for

Answer 14

Toxicity, efficacy and dose.

Question 15

Define clinical trials

Answer 15

Research studies involving human patients.

Question 16

Give the stages of clinical trials

Answer 16

Test on healthy volunteers to check side effects. Test on patients with the disease to check it works and to find the best dosage.

Question 17

Define a placebo

Answer 17

A medicine that does not contain the active drug.

Question 18

Define a double blind trial

Answer 18

When the doctor and patient don’t know who receives the drug. Reduces bias.

Question 19

Describe what must happen before a drug can be sold

Answer 19

Results from clinical trials are published. Results are reviewed by independent scientists.

Question 20

Define non-communicable disease

Answer 20

Cannot be spread. Not caused by pathogens e.g. Cancer.

Question 21

Define carcinogen

Answer 21

Chemicals that cause cancer e.g. Tar.

Question 22

Define mutation

Answer 22

Change in the DNA/genetic material.

Question 23

Define tumour

Answer 23

Bundle of abnormal cells dividing rapidly and out of control.

Question 24

Define a benign (non-cancerous) tumour

Answer 24

Contained in one place, usually within a membrane. Doesn’t spread or invade other tissues.

Question 25

Define a malignant (cancerous) tumour

Answer 25

Invades other tissues, spreads to other parts of the body in the blood. Secondary tumours form.

Question 26

Describe how cancer can be treated

Answer 26

Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy.

Question 27

Describe how radiotherapy works

Answer 27

Uses ionising radiation to kill cancer cells.

Question 28

Describe how chemotherapy works

Answer 28

Uses chemicals to kill cancer cells.

Question 29

Give the three harmful substances in cigarette smoke

Answer 29

Nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide.

Question 30

Name the addictive substance in cigarette smoke

Answer 30

Nicotine.

Question 31

Name the carcinogenic (cancer causing) substance in cigarette smoke

Answer 31

Tar.

Question 32

List the harmful effects of carbon monoxide

Answer 32

Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen. Can cause dizziness/sickness and death.

Question 33

Describe why is alcohol harmful

Answer 33

It’s poisonous and addictive.

Question 34

Describe how alcohol affects the body

Answer 34

It affects the nervous system. It slows reflexes and thought processes. Causes lack of self-control and judgement. Can cause liver damage and brain damage.

Question 35

Explain why pregnant women should avoid alcohol

Answer 35

Can cause foetal alcohol syndrome. Can cause stillbirths and miscarriages. Low birth weights and premature births.

Question 36

List the 3 lifestyle factors that can increase the risk of disease

Answer 36

Diet, alcohol, smoking.

Question 37

List 3 factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 37

Diet, smoking, lack of exercise.

Question 38

Name the main risk factor for type II diabetes

Answer 38

Obesity.

Question 39

List the three groups of risk factors for disease

Answer 39

Lifestyle, Genetic, Environmental.