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Science > Biology paper 2 > Flashcards

Biology paper 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define the nervous system

A

An organ system made up of nerves and neurons that transmit electrical signals around the body.

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2
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The regulation and control of internal conditions around an optimum point.

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3
Q

Explain why homeostasis is important

A

Maintains enzyme activity and cell functions.

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4
Q

Give the conditions that need to be controlled in the human body

A

Blood glucose concentration, temperature and water levels.

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5
Q

Define a stimulus

A

A change in the internal/external environment of an organism.

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6
Q

Define receptors

A

Cells that detect stimuli.

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7
Q

Define coordination centres

A

Areas that receive and process information from receptors (brain).

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8
Q

Define effector

A

Muscles or glands that respond to stimuli.

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9
Q

Define neurone

A

Specialised cells adapted to carry electrical impulses around the body.

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10
Q

Give the 3 types of neuron

A

Sensory, relay and motor neurons.

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11
Q

Describe the role of a sensory neuron

A

Carries impulses from receptors to the coordination centre (brain).

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12
Q

Describe the role of a relay neurone

A

Carries impulses across the Central Nervous System.

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13
Q

Describe the role of a motor neuron

A

Carries impulses from the coordination centre to effectors.

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14
Q

Define reflexes

A

Rapid, automatic responses.

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15
Q

Explain why reflexes are important

A

They keep us safe.

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16
Q

Explain why reflexes are so fast

A

They do not involve the brain.

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17
Q

Define the endocrine system

A

An organ system made up of glands that secrete hormones.

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18
Q

Define a hormone

A

Chemical messenger released from a gland.

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19
Q

Describe how a hormone gets to its target organ

A

In the bloodstream.

20
Q

Name the glands that make up the endocrine system

A

Pituitary, Thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries.

21
Q

Give the role of the pituitary gland

A

Controls growth. Stimulates other glands.

22
Q

Give the role of the thyroid gland

A

Controls metabolic rate.

23
Q

Give a role of the pancreas

A

Controls blood glucose concentration.

24
Q

Give the role of the adrenal gland

A

Prepares the body for fight or flight situations.

25
Q

Give the role of the testes

A

Controls secondary sexual characteristics in men.

26
Q

Give the role of the ovaries

A

Controls secondary sexual characteristics in women.

27
Q

Describe why the pituitary gland is classed as the master gland.

A

It produces a number of different hormones, and it stimulates a number of different glands.

28
Q

Name two hormones that are involved in controlling blood glucose

A

Insulin (lowers glucose levels) and glucagon (raises glucose levels).

29
Q

Describe the effect of insulin secretion

A

Causes glucose to be taken up by cells and converted to glycogen by the liver.

30
Q

Describe the effect of glucagon secretion

A

Liver converts glycogen to glucose.

31
Q

What happens if you have type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin.

32
Q

Describe how type 1 diabetes is caused

A

Genetic factors or damage to the pancreas.

33
Q

Describe how type 1 diabetes is treated

A

Insulin injections, regular exercise, changing diet.

34
Q

What happens if you have type 2 diabetes

A

Your cells stop responding to insulin.

35
Q

Describe how type 2 diabetes is caused

A

Obesity, lack of exercise.

36
Q

Describe how type 2 diabetes is treated

A

Regular exercise, changing diet.

37
Q

Name the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone.

38
Q

Give the role of FSH

A

Causes eggs to mature.

39
Q

Give the role of oestrogen

A

Stops FSH and starts LH production.

40
Q

Give the role of LH

A

Causes an egg to be released.

41
Q

Give the role of progesterone

A

Maintains uterus lining.

42
Q

Give the advantages of IVF

A

Safe, helps same sex couples have children, increases the chances of older women having a baby, unused embryos can be donated for research.

43
Q

Give the disadvantages of IVF

A

Expensive, not always successful, multiple pregnancies are possible, fertility drugs have side effects.

44
Q

Define contraception

A

Methods used to stop the sperm and egg meeting or a fertilised egg implanting in the uterus.

45
Q

Name methods of contraception that use hormones

A

Mixed pill, progesterone pill, patch, implant, injection.

46
Q

Name the non-hormonal methods of contraception

A

Condoms, diaphragm, IUD, spermicides, sterilisation.

Science (14 decks)

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