Chemistry paper 2 Flashcards
Give the definition for a fuel.
Substances that release energy when burned.
Describe the composition of a hydrocarbon.
Chemicals made from carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
List the properties of short chain hydrocarbons?
Low boiling points; High volatility; Low viscosity; High flammability.
List the properties of long chain hydrocarbons.
High boiling points; Low volatility; High viscosity; Low flammability.
List the properties of alkanes.
Names end in ane; No double bonds; Saturated; General formula: CnH2n+2
List the first 5 alkanes.
Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane
List the properties of alkenes.
Names end in ene; Double bonds between carbon atoms; Unsaturated; General formula: CnH2n
List the first 5 alkenes.
Ethene, propene, butene, pentene, hexene
Define complete combustion.
Burning a fuel in a good supply of oxygen.
Give the word equation for complete combustion
Fuel + oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water
Define incomplete combustion.
Burning a fuel in a limited supply of oxygen.
Give the word equation for incomplete combustion.
Fuel + oxygen → carbon monoxide + carbon + water
Describe the properties of carbon monoxide.
Colourless, odourless gas.
Describe the effects of carbon monoxide.
Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen. Causes dizziness, nausea, brain damage and death.
Describe the composition of crude oil.
A mixture made from many different hydrocarbons.
Name the process used to separate the hydrocarbons in crude oil.
Fractional distillation
Describe the process of cracking.
Breaking large un-useful hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones.
List the conditions needed for cracking.
A catalyst, steam.
Give the chemical used to test for hydrocarbons.
Using bromine water, which is orange.
Describe the colour bromine water will turn in an alkene.
Colourless
Describe the colour bromine water will turn in an alkane.
No change. Stays orange.
Give the equations for calculating the rate of reaction
Reactant used / time; Product formed / time
Describe collision theory
Particles must collide with enough energy in order for a reaction to occur.
Define activation energy
Minimum energy required for a reaction to occur.
Name 5 factors that affect the rate of reaction
Catalysts, temperature, surface area, concentration, pressure.
Explain how catalysts speed up a chemical reaction
Using a catalyst = faster reaction.; Provides a different pathway with a lower activation energy.
Explain how temperature speeds up a chemical reaction
Higher temperature = faster reaction.; Particles have more kinetic energy.; More successful collisions per second.
Explain how surface area speeds up a chemical reaction
Large surface area = faster reaction.; Chances of particles colliding increases.; More successful collisions per second.
Explain how concentration speeds up a chemical reaction
Higher concentration = faster reaction.; Less space for particles to move without colliding.; More successful collisions per second.
Explain how pressure speeds up a chemical reaction
Higher pressure = faster reaction.; Less space for particles to move without colliding.; More successful collisions per second.
Explain why catalysts are useful
Can be reused.; They save fuel, time and money.; Reduce the need for high temperatures.; Reduce pollution.
Define a reversible reaction
Reactions where products can reform reactants.
Define dynamic equilibrium
When the forwards and backwards reactions happen at the same rate.
