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Science > Biology paper 1 b1-5 > Flashcards

Biology paper 1 b1-5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define a cell

A

The basic unit of living things

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2
Q

Name five organelles found in animal and plant cells

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria.

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3
Q

Name the three organelles only found in plant cells

A

Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole.

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4
Q

Define a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with a true nucleus.

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5
Q

Define a prokaryotic cell

A

A cell without a true nucleus.

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6
Q

Give the function of the nucleus

A

Controls all activities of the cell.

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7
Q

Give the function of the mitochondria

A

Does aerobic respiration which produces energy.

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8
Q

Give the function of the ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis.

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9
Q

Give the function of the cytoplasm

A

Chemical reactions.

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10
Q

Give the function of the cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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11
Q

Give the function of the cell wall

A

Provides structure and support.

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12
Q

Name the chemical that makes the cell wall

A

Cellulose.

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13
Q

Give the function of the chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis.

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14
Q

Define a specialised cell

A

A cell adapted to perform a specific function.

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15
Q

Name 4 different types of specialised animal cells

A

Nerve cells, muscle cells, sperm cells, red blood cells.

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16
Q

Name 3 different types of specialised plant cells

A

Xylem cells, phloem cells, root hair cells, photosynthetic cells.

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17
Q

Give the equation to calculate magnification

A

Magnification = Size of Image / Size of real object

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18
Q

Calculate how many micrometres are there in a millimetre

A

1000.

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19
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

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20
Q

Name 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

Surface area, concentration gradient, temperature.

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21
Q

Define osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from dilute to concentrated solution, across a partially permeable membrane.

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22
Q

Define active transport

A

Movement of substances from low to high concentration. Requires energy.

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23
Q

Describe how the alveoli in the lungs are adapted for gas exchange

A

Large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls.

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24
Q

Describe how the microvilli in the small intestine are adapted to absorb glucose

A

Large surface area, good blood supply, thin walls, lots of mitochondria.

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25
Q

Name the three stages of the cell cycle

A

Replication, Mitosis, division.

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26
Q

Describe what happens during replication.

A

Cell grows and DNA is copied.

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27
Q

Describe what happens during mitosis.

A

Contents of the cell are rearranged - one set of chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell. Nucleus divides.

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28
Q

Describe what happens during division.

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides. Two identical daughter cells are produced.

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29
Q

Define a stem cell.

A

Unspecialised cell.

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30
Q

Define differentiation

A

Process by which cells become specialised.

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31
Q

Give the three types of stem cells.

A

Embryonic, adult and plant stem cells.

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32
Q

State the advantage of using embryonic cells

A

They can differentiate into almost all types of cells.

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33
Q

Give the location of adult stem cells.

A

Bone marrow.

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34
Q

Give the location of plant stem cells.

A

Meristem tissue in shoots and root tips.

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35
Q

Give the advantages of using stem cells.

A

Cure diseases, increases our knowledge, can be used to increase crop production.

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36
Q

Give the disadvantages of using stem cells.

A

Expensive, research is slow, health effects unknown, adult stem cells can carry viruses, religious/ethical objections.

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37
Q

Define cell

A

Basic unit of living things.

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38
Q

Define tissue

A

Groups of similar cells performing the same function.

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39
Q

Define organ

A

Group of tissues performing the same function.

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40
Q

Define organ system

A

Groups of organs performing the same function.

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41
Q

List the three types of tissue

A

Muscular, glandular and epithelial.

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42
Q

Describe the role of bile

A

Neutralises stomach acid and breaks fats down into droplets.

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43
Q

Name the organ where bile is produced

A

Liver.

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44
Q

Name the organs involved in digestion

A

Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

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45
Q

Give the function of the small intestine

A

Reabsorbs glucose from digested food.

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46
Q

List the adaptations of the small intestine

A

Lots of microvilli, good blood supply, thin walls, lots of mitochondria.

47
Q

Name the substance the stomach contains

A

Hydrochloric acid (pH 3).

48
Q

Name the part of the digestive system responsible for reabsorbing water

A

Large intestine.

49
Q

Describe the test for starch

A

Iodine solution. It turns dark blue/black.

50
Q

Describe the test for simple sugars (glucose)

A

Benedict’s solution. It turns brick red when heated.

51
Q

Describe the test for protein

A

Biuret solution. It turns purple.

52
Q

Describe the test for Lipids (fats)

A

Ethanol - milky emulsion is formed.

53
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids.

54
Q

What are carbohydrates broken into?

A

Glucose.

55
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids.

56
Q

Define enzyme

A

Biological catalyst (speeds up reactions).

57
Q

Name the three types of digestive enzyme

A

Amylase (carbohydrase), proteases, lipases.

58
Q

Where is Amylase produced?

A

Mouth, pancreas, small intestine.

59
Q

Where are protease enzymes produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine.

60
Q

Where are lipase enzymes produced?

A

Pancreas, small intestine.

61
Q

Describe what happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too hot.

A

It denatures.

62
Q

Describe how the enzyme changes when it denatures

A

The active site changes shape irreversibly. The substrate no longer fits. The enzyme won’t work.

63
Q

Describe the lock and key mechanism for enzyme action

A

The active site of each enzyme is specific to one substrate.

64
Q

List the four components of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma.

65
Q

State the function of red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen.

66
Q

State the 3 functions of white blood cells

A

Engulf pathogens, make antitoxins, make antibodies.

67
Q

State the function of platelets

A

Clot the blood.

68
Q

State the function of plasma

A

Transports substances around the body.

69
Q

Name the three types of blood vessel

A

Artery, vein, capillary.

70
Q

Describe the structure of an artery

A

Thick walls, lots of elastic tissue, small lumen.

71
Q

State the function of an artery

A

Carries oxygenated blood at high pressure, away from the heart.

72
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A

Thin walls, small amounts of elastic tissue, large lumen, valves to prevent backflow.

73
Q

State the function of a vein

A

Carries deoxygenated blood at a low pressure towards the heart.

74
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary

A

Small lumen, walls one cell thick.

75
Q

State the function of a capillary

A

Links arteries and veins and helps with diffusion.

76
Q

List the 4 chambers in the heart

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

77
Q

Describe where the 2 atria are found

A

At the top of the heart.

78
Q

Describe where the two ventricles are found

A

At the bottom of the heart.

79
Q

State which side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood

A

Left.

80
Q

State which side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood

A

Right.

81
Q

State the function of the valves in the heart

A

To stop the blood flowing backwards.

82
Q

Name the blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery.

83
Q

Name the blood vessel through which oxygenated blood is pumped to the body

A

Aorta.

84
Q

Explain why the human circulatory system is called a double circulation system.

A

Our circulatory system is split into two loops. One loop takes blood to the lungs, the other takes blood to the body.

85
Q

List 3 methods of treating cardiovascular diseases.

A

Drugs (statins), mechanical devices (stents, pacemakers, artificial valves/hearts) and transplants.

86
Q

Define coronary heart disease

A

The narrowing of coronary arteries due to a buildup of fat. This reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the heart and can cause heart attacks.

87
Q

Name 4 plant organs

A

Roots, stem, leaves, flowers.

88
Q

Name 3 tissues in a leaf

A

Upper/lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll.

89
Q

State the function of the xylem

A

Transport water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.

90
Q

State the function of the phloem

A

Transport dissolved sugars from the leaves using translocation.

91
Q

Define stomata

A

Pores (holes) on the underside of a leaf. Controlled by guard cells.

92
Q

Define transpiration

A

Evaporation of water via the stomata.

93
Q

List 4 factors that affect the rate of transpiration

A

Light, temperature, wind, humidity.

94
Q

Describe a communicable disease

A

Contagious. Caused by pathogens.

95
Q

Describe a non-communicable disease

A

Non-contagious. Not caused by pathogens.

96
Q

Define a pathogen

A

Microorganisms that cause disease.

97
Q

List the 4 types of pathogen

A

Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protist.

98
Q

Explain how bacteria cause diseases

A

Produce toxins.

99
Q

Explain how viruses cause diseases

A

Take over and destroy cells.

100
Q

Describe how pathogens are spread

A

Air, water, direct contact.

101
Q

List ways to prevent an infection from spreading

A

Hygiene, isolation, destroying vectors, vaccines/antibiotics.

102
Q

List three viral diseases

A

Measles, HIV/AIDS, Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).

103
Q

Describe the characteristics of Measles

A

Spread by air. Causes fever and a red rash. No treatment, vaccination prevents spread.

104
Q

Describe the characteristics of HIV/AIDS

A

Spread by sexual contact/exchange of body fluids. Causes flu-like illness and attacks the immune system.

105
Q

Describe the characteristics of TMV

A

Spread by direct contact and insect vectors. Reduces photosynthesis and growth because leaves lack chlorophyll.

106
Q

List two bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella, Gonorrhoea.

107
Q

Describe the characteristics of Salmonella

A

Spread by unhygienic food. Causes stomach cramps, diarrhoea, and vomiting. Poultry vaccinated in the UK.

108
Q

Describe the characteristics of Gonorrhoea

A

Caused by sexual contact. Causes thick yellow/green discharge and pain on urination. Treated with antibiotics.

109
Q

Describe rose black spot

A

Fungal disease. Causes black spots on leaves. Reduces photosynthesis and growth. Spread in the air and rain. Treated by fungicides and removing/burning infected leaves.

110
Q

Describe Malaria

A

Protist disease. Spread by mosquitoes. Infects red blood cells and liver. Causes fever, shaking, and weakness.

111
Q

Explain how we can prevent the spread of malaria

A

Net to avoid being bitten. Prevent mosquitoes breeding.

112
Q

List the body’s primary defences against pathogens

A

Skin - physical barrier. Nose - hairs and mucus trap pathogens. Trachea - hairs that sweep mucus up throat. Stomach - Hydrochloric acid.

113
Q

List three ways that white blood cells protect us from infection

A

Phagocytosis - white blood cells engulf pathogens. Antibodies - latch onto and kill pathogens. Antitoxins - chemicals that counteract harmful substances released by pathogens.

Science (21 decks)

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