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Things I Should Know > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Physics

What are the four fundamental forces?

A
  1. Gravity
  2. The weak force
  3. Electromagnetism
  4. The strong force
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2
Q

Physics

True/False.

Even though the strong force is the strongest of all the fundamental forces, it is electromagnetic force that dominates at the scale of cosmology.

A

False.

Even though the strong force is the strongest of all the fundamental forces, it is gravitational force that dominates at the scale of cosmology.

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3
Q

Physics

For what is the weak force responsible?

A

Particle decay

(via exchange of bosons)

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4
Q

Physics

What is responsible for the normal force that opposes gravity (for example: in keeping a book on a table instead of letting the book fall through the table)?

(Another way of thinking about it: what interaction allows us to interact with anything at all?)

A

Electromagnetic interactions

(e.g. electrons in the book opposing electrons in the table)

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5
Q

Physics

Which is far and away the strongest of the four fundamental forces?

A

The strong force

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6
Q

Physics

For what is the strong force responsible?

A

Binding subatomic particles together (e.g. quarks) and also atomic particles together (e.g. neutrons and protons)

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7
Q

Physics

True/False.

Electric and magnetic forces are separate and distinct from one another.

A

False.

They are manifestations of the same electromagnetic force.

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8
Q

Physics

The equation E = mc2 shows the relationship between what two factors?

A

A nucleus’ mass defect and its binding energy

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9
Q

Physics

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

A

An object in motion will continue with constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.

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10
Q

Physics

What is Newton’s second law of motion?

A

F = ma

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11
Q

Physics

What is Newton’s third law of motion?

A

For every force exerted by one object on a second, an equal and opposite force is exerted by the second back on the first.

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12
Q

Physics

What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?

A

If two thermodynamic systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

(I.e., there is a transitive relationship between the systems.)

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13
Q

Physics

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Conservation of energy

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14
Q

Physics

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Entropy increases

(randomness increases)

(the tendency of natural processes to lead towards spatial homogeneity of matter and energy)

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15
Q

Physics

What is the third law of thermodynamics?

A

For a system at absolute zero, entropy is zero

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16
Q

Individuals who use the first or second laws of thermodynamics as tools for undermining well-accepted cosmological and evolutionary theories are often doing so via what mistaken understanding of the laws of thermodynamics?

A

Often, the arguments ignore the fact that the first and second laws only apply in closed systems.

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17
Q

Physics

What equations can be used to map out the relationship between electric and magnetic fields?

A

Maxwell’s equations

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18
Q

Physics

What is the use of the Schrodinger equation?

A

Modelling matter as a wave

(rather than a particle)

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19
Q

Physics

What formula is used to calculate kinetic energy?

A

KE = ½mv2

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20
Q

Physics

What formula is used to calculate gravitational potential energy?

A

PE = mgh

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21
Q

Physics

How can electric and magnetic waves be modelled in the same graph?

A

The electromagnetic wave represents an oscillation in the electric field in one direction and an oscillation in the magnetic field in the perpendicular direction

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22
Q

Physics

True/False.

Sound waves are transverse.

A

False.

Sound waves are longitudinal.

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23
Q

Physics

True/False.

Light waves are transverse.

A

True.

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24
Q

Physics

What is the relationship between wave speed, wavelength and frequency?

A

vc = f λ

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25
Q

Physics

What is Ohm’s law?

A

V = IR

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26
Q

Physics

What is the name of the phenomenon whereby sounds appear higher-pitched when the emitting source is moving closer to the observer and lower-pitched when moving away?

A

The Doppler effect

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27
Q

Physics

What is Snell’s law of refraction (light moving from a substance of one density to another)?

A
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28
Q

Physics

Give a basic explanation for how electricity works.

A

Electrons flow down a voltage difference

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29
Q

Physics

What is the speed of light?

A

3 * 108 m/s

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30
Q

Physics

What is the speed of sound?

A

340 m/s

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31
Q

Physics

Decibels are measured along a __________ scale.

A

Decibels are measured along a logarithmic scale.

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32
Q

Physics

The visible light spectrum spans what electromagnetic wavelengths?

A

~400 nm (violet) to ~750 nm (red)

33
Q

Physics

Arrange these electromagnetic waves by order of ascending wavelength (starting with visible light):

Microwaves

Infrared waves

Radio waves

A

Visible light

Infrared waves

Microwaves

Radio waves

34
Q

Physics

Arrange these electromagnetic waves by order of descending wavelength (starting with visible light):

X-rays

UV rays

Gamma rays

A

Visible light

UV rays

X-rays

Gamma rays

35
Q

Physics

What mnemonic can be used to remember the overarching difference between general relativity and special relativity?

A
  1. General relativity relates to Gravity
  2. Special relativity relates to Speed
36
Q

Physics

What is a simplified explanation of general relativity?

A

All the universe is made of 4-dimensional space-time that can be stretched/curved by mass, thus giving rise to gravitational forces (as a form of accelerative inertia as masses ‘roll’ into the curved depressions created by other masses).

37
Q

Physics

How does general relativity explain black holes?

A

When an object is sufficiently massive, it will create a large enough ‘well’ in space-time that not even light can escape.

38
Q

Physics

What is a simplified explanation of special relativity?

(Note: there are two main postulates that lead to the conclusions.)

A
  1. The speed of light is constant in all reference frames
  2. The laws of physics are identical in all inertial reference frames

Thus, at very high speeds, time dilates and space contracts.

39
Q

Physics

Explain the special relativity lightbulb-train analogy.

A
40
Q

Physics

One twin gets on a spaceship and travels at near the speed of light for a period of time. The other twin stays on earth. Which twin will appear to have aged more when the spaceship lands?

A

The twin who stayed on earth. (Time has dilated for the twin travelling as very high speeds.)

41
Q

Physics

Name the main forms of inter-atomic and/or molecular bonding according to the following descriptions:

Complete transfer of an electron (strongest)

Sharing of electrons (strong)

Electromagnetic actions typically via hydrogen-oxygen bonds (weak)

Electromagnetic interactions via dipoles (weaker)

Electromagnetic interactions via transitory dipoles (weakest)

A

Ionic (strongest)

Covalent (strong)

Hydrogen-bonding (can also be sulfur, nitrogen, etc. instead of oxygen) (weak)

Dipole-Dipole (weaker)

London dispersion (aka van der Waals) (weakest)

42
Q

Physics

What equation connects pressure, area, and force?

A

Pressure = Force / Area

43
Q

Physics

In simple terms, what is gravity?

A

Curved space-time

44
Q

Physics

What does it mean that space is a vacuum and not a void?

A

It is full of energy

(and sometimes particles spring into existence out of the energy)

45
Q

Physics

At a fundamental level, electrons, quarks, neutrinos, etc. are just what?

A

Vibrating energy fields

46
Q

Physics

At the most fundamental level, everything is made up of what subatomic particles?

A

Quarks (two kinds)

Gluons

Photons

Electrons

47
Q

Physics

The strong force really refers to the interactions between _______s and _______s.

A

The strong force really refers to the interactions between quarks and gluons.

48
Q

Physics

What are gluons?

A

The particles that bind quarks together

(forming protons and neutrons)

49
Q

Physics

What particle is responsible for binding electrons to nuclei (similar to how gluons bind quarks together)?

A

Photons

50
Q

Physics

What are quarks, gluons, photons, and electrons?

A

These particles are energy fields where mass, charge, and spin are concentrated

51
Q

Physics

The subatomic particles (quarks, gluons, electrons, photons) have a wave-particle duality and are really just energy fields where _______, _______, and _______ are concentrated.

A

The subatomic particles (quarks, gluons, electrons, photons) have a wave-particle duality and are really just energy fields where mass, charge, and spin are concentrated.

52
Q

Physics

What does it mean that photons (and thus, light) have a wave-particle duality?

A

Light is both photon packets and also electromagnetic waves

53
Q

Physics

How can we tell that space is not technically a void?

A

It has mass and density

54
Q

Physics

Describe the three major forms of energy transfer.

A

Conduction, radiation, convection

55
Q

Physics

Describe the gist of quantum physics.

A

The physics of atomic and subatomic particles that deals with energies (rather than forces) and the wave-particle duality of very small quantities.

56
Q

Physics

Describe the gist of quantum physics in terms of uncertainty and entanglement.

A
  • The uncertainty principle — the wave-particle duality makes predicting the actual location and spin of a physical quantity prior to measurement.
  • Quantum entanglement — across any distance, some particles seem to be connected in terms of spin, position, momentum, and polarization
57
Q

Physics

Describe the visual format of the hydrogen wave functions.

A
58
Q

Physics

Describe the sp3 orbital hybridization of the valence electrons in a carbon atom.

A
59
Q

Physics

Describe the electron fields of the s (x1), p (x3), d (x5), and f (x7) orbitals.

A
60
Q

Physics

What is the equation for the resistance a fluid meets while traveling through a tube?

A

R = 8 * viscosity * length / ∏ * radius4

61
Q

What is the ideal gas law?

A

PV = nRT

62
Q

Physics

What is Boyle’s gas law?

A

Pressure1 * Volume<u>1</u> = Pressure2 * Volume<u>2</u>

63
Q

Physics

What is Charles’ gas law?

A

Volume<u>1</u> / Temperature1 = Volume<u>2</u> / Temperature2

64
Q

Physics

How does the water pressure at the bottom of a set of open tanks vary between tanks if the tanks are of equal heights but different shapes; e.g., square, rectangular, conical (with the narrow end at either the bottom or the top), round, irregular, etc.?

A

It doesn’t change at all; the pressure is only dependent on the height of the water.

65
Q

How is velocity different from speed?

A

Speed = distance displaced / time

Velocity = distance displaced in a certain direction / time

66
Q

Physics

How are speed, velocity, and acceleration different from one another?

A

Speed = distance displaced / time

Velocity = distance displaced in a certain direction / time

Acceleration = change in velocity / time

67
Q

Physics

What is the value for the acceleration caused by gravity at the earth’s surface?

A

9.8 m/s2

68
Q

Physics

What is the basic equation for momentum?

A

Momentum (p) = mass * velocity

69
Q

Physics

What is the basic equation for power?

A

Power = joules / time

(Note: joules can be used in terms of work; i.e., ΔKE)

70
Q

Physics

What equation relates voltage, power, and current?

A

Power = current * voltage

P = IV

71
Q

Physics

How is the resistance calculated for a circuit in series?

A

RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + …

72
Q

Physics

How is the resistance calculated for a circuit in parallel?

A

1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + …

73
Q

Physics

Where are the alkali earth metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, and other metals on the periodic table of elements?

A
74
Q

Physics

Where are the metalloids, nonmetals, halogens, and noble gases on the periodic table of elements?

A
75
Q

Physics

Where are the lanthanoids and actinoids on the periodic table of elements?

A
76
Q

Physics

What is the force that drives small particles (< 0.3 microns) into N95 filters?

What is the force that drives large particles (> 0.3 microns) into N95 filters?

A

Brownian motion

Inertia

77
Q

Physics

These equations are known as what?

A

The kinematic equations

78
Q

Physics

How are velocity components broken down?

A

Things I Should Know (52 decks)

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