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Things I Should Know > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

Miscellaneous

What did Carl Schneider (Professor of law and medicine at the University of Michigan) find in relation so what patients want from a physician?

A

Kindness and competence

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2
Q

Miscellaneous

How long is a mile?

A

5,280 feet

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3
Q

Miscellaneous

Which is longer, yards or meters?

A

Meters

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4
Q

Miscellaneous

How long is a yard as compared to a meter?

A

3 and 3/8 inches shorter

(a yard is 3 feet; a meter is 100 centimeters)

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5
Q

Miscellaneous

One pint is how many ounces?

A

16

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6
Q

Miscellaneous

One quart is how many pints?

A

Two

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7
Q

Miscellaneous

One gallon is how many quarts?

A

Four

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8
Q

Miscellaneous

One tablespoon is how many teaspoons?

A

3

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9
Q

Miscellaneous

What was the Malthusian theory of population?

A

Arithmetic food supply growth

+

exponential population growth

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10
Q

Miscellaneous

What was the Scopes monkey trial about (1925)?

A

The right to teach evolution in schools

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11
Q

Miscellaneous

What is the chemical composition of air?

A

78% nitrogen

21% oxygen

1% argon and other gases

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12
Q

Miscellaneous

What causes ‘pee shivers?’

A

Autonomic mix-up during voiding

(may be errant catecholamine release)

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13
Q

Miscellaneous

Why are the ocean and sky blue?

A

Ocean and atmospheric particles absorb/deflect red light and reflect/disperse blue light

(Rayleigh scattering)

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14
Q

Miscellaneous

Which countries are part of the United Kingdom (Britain)?

A

England

Scotland

Wales

Northern Ireland

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15
Q

Miscellaneous

Liable is _________.

Slander is _________.

A

Liable is written.

Slander is spoken.

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16
Q

Miscellaneous

Are most U.S. states subject to single- or all-party consent laws?

A

Single-party

(38 states / 50)

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17
Q

Miscellaneous

Of the EGOT awards, _________ are for television.

A

Of the EGOT awards, Emmy awards are for television.

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18
Q

Miscellaneous

Of the EGOT awards, _________ are for music.

A

Of the EGOT awards, Grammy awards are for music.

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19
Q

Miscellaneous

Of the EGOT awards, _________ are for theater.

A

Of the EGOT awards, Tony awards are for theater.

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20
Q

Miscellaneous

Of the EGOT awards, _________ are for film.

A

Of the EGOT awards, Oscar awards are for film.

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21
Q

Miscellaneous

Identify what the the S, I, and R stand for in the SIR model of infectious disease spread.

A

Susceptible

Infected

Recovered

(some models include exposed, carrier, and/or deceased as well)

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22
Q

Miscellaneous

What equation is used to calculate BMI?

A
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23
Q

Miscellaneous

What is polygyny?

A

One man simultaneously marrying more than one woman

(a form of polygamy)

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24
Q

Miscellaneous

What is polyandry?

A

One woman simultaneously marrying more than one man

(a form of polygamy)

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25
Q

Miscellaneous

In his article ‘The Cost Conundrum,’ what does Atul Gawande argue is the cause of the exorbitantly high medical costs in the U.S.?

A

Overmedicalization

(too many tests, too many procedures, too many medications, too many hospitalizations)

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26
Q

Miscellaneous

What are the four states with the highest medical expenditures? Are these also the states with the best outcomes?

A

LA, TX, CA, FL;

no, quality of patient care is near worst in these states

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27
Q

Miscellaneous

Why is ‘more medicine’ not necessarily ‘better medicine?’

A

Medical procedures carry risks;

they are expensive

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28
Q

Miscellaneous

True/False.

Annually, more U.S. citizens die from surgical complications (~100,000) than from car accidents.

A

True.

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29
Q

Miscellaneous

In areas of the U.S. with the highest medical expenditures (e.g. LA, TX, CA, FL), do patients receive more preventative treatment and PCP visits?

A

No;

they receive more of the expensive types of care and less of the [more effective] cheaper types

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30
Q

Miscellaneous

What percentage of Medicare costs could be saved with no decrease in health outcomes if expenditures in high-cost areas were brought down to those of low-cost areas?

A

30%

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31
Q

Miscellaneous

What are some examples of very successful (and not-for-profit) accountable care organizations in the U.S. that are succeeding in providing high-quality, low-cost care?

A

Kaiser Permanente (CA); Intermountain Healthcare (UT); the Marshfield Clinic (WI); the Geisinger Health System (PA); the Ochsner Health System (LA)

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32
Q

Miscellaneous

How does the Mayo Clinic pay its providers?

A

Salary pay

33
Q

Miscellaneous

How are American doctors typically paid, (1) as individuals or as teams, and (2), for quantity or quality?

A

(1) Individuals
(2) Quantity

34
Q

Miscellaneous

What term refers to a free choice in which only one thing is truly offered?

(I.e. a ‘take it or leave it’ scenario)

A

A Hobson’s choice

35
Q

Miscellaneous

What formula can be used to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, or vice versa?

A

(F - 32) * 5/9 Or, conversely, (C * 9/5) + 32

36
Q

Miscellaneous

What is the current U.S. childhood obesity rate?

A

17% (About half of the adult rate)

37
Q

Miscellaneous

Is there a premium for Medicare Part A?

A

Usually not. Just a $500-750 deductible

38
Q

Miscellaneous

Is there a premium for Medicare Part B?

A

$131 per year + 20% copay

39
Q

Miscellaneous

What is Medigap?

A

Insurance that helps to supplement the 20% copay attached to Medicare Part B

40
Q

Miscellaneous

What is isotonic muscle contraction?

A

The muscle shortens while tension remains relatively constant

41
Q

Miscellaneous

What is isometric muscle contraction?

A

The muscle length stays constant while the tension changes

42
Q

Miscellaneous

What is the recipe for oral rehydration solution?

A

6 tsps sugar

0.5 tsp salt

1 liter water

43
Q

Miscellaneous

What is the difference between concentric and eccentric contraction?

A

Concentric contraction is normal contraction where the muscle shortens as the muscle contracts.

Eccentric contraction is when the muscle lengthens as it contracts.

44
Q

Miscellaneous

Infographic showing world breakdowns

A
45
Q

Miscellaneous

What percentage of modifiable health outcomes is associated with socioeconomic factors?

A

40%

https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors

46
Q

Miscellaneous

What percentage of modifiable health outcomes is associated with your physical environment?

A

10%

https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors

47
Q

Miscellaneous

What percentage of modifiable health outcomes is associated with behavior and lifestyle?

A

30%

https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors

48
Q

Miscellaneous

What percentage of modifiable health outcomes is associated with medical services?

A

20%

https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors

49
Q

Miscellaneous

Why are the odds and risk ratios more or less equal when disease prevalence is low? Use a 2x2 table to explain.

A

The odds ratio ( a/c / b/d ) is a good approximation of the risk ratio ( a/(a+b) / c/(c+d) ) at low disease prevalence because a low disease prevalence means that ‘a’ and ‘c’ are small, and so ‘b’ and ‘d’ hold more weight in the equation.

50
Q

Miscellaneous

What was the Rwandan genocide? How many people died?

A

A 100-day killing spree in 1994 by the Hutu; 800,000 Tutsis died

51
Q

Miscellaneous

When was Hurricane Katrina? How many people died as a direct result?

A

August 2005; 1200

52
Q

Miscellaneous

What three factors does the Glasgow Coma Scale assess? What other factor is sometimes incorporated in coma assessment?

A

Eye response (0 to 4)

Verbal response (0 to 5)

Motor response (0 to 6)

Pupil reactivity (-2 to 0)

53
Q

Miscellaneous

In what percentage of cancer is tobacco implicated?

And alcohol?

A

19%

6%

54
Q

Miscellaneous

What are some key points to remember from the book Scarcity?

A

Tunneling and myopia,

the bandwidth tax,

and that scarcity causes scarcity

55
Q

Miscellaneous

What finding does Malcolm Gladwell point out about IQ above 130?

A

Once an individual gets above an IQ of 130, the differences in IQ stop having any real prediction as to successfulness in life. One only needs to be ‘smart enough’ to succeed, and then other factors start holding much more weight

56
Q

Miscellaneous

According to Steven Pinker, what is the geometric mean for the number of options one has available in selecting the next word in a grammatical and sensible sentence?

(I.e. on average, how many words do I have to choose from in choosing the single next word in a sentence as I am speaking?)

A

~10

(Meaning a twenty-word sentence has about 1020 variations!!! We aren’t running out of new sentences and new ways of expressing ourselves any time soon.)

57
Q

Miscellaneous

Why are we never going to run out of new music?

A

8 musical notes to choose from

So, in a two-note pair: 64 options

In a three-note motif: 512 options

In a four-note line: 4,096 options

In a five-note line: 32,768 options

In a ten-note line: >108 options

Etc.

58
Q

Miscellaneous

What is the difference in usage between less and fewer?

A

Fewer refers to discrete, countable quantities (I have fewer pears than oranges.)

Less refers to measured quantities (She weighs less than he does.)

59
Q

Miscellaneous

What is the difference in usage between further and farther?

A

Farther refers to physical distances (Walk just a little farther.)

Further refers to metaphysical continuances (Let’s explore this idea a little further.)

60
Q

Miscellaneous

What is the difference in usage between sarcastic and sardonic?

A

Sarcasm refers to ironic remarks used to hurt someone (i.e. using tone and context to express the opposite of what was literally stated)

Sardonism refers to ironic remarks used as a form of humor to deprecate a difficult situation, another, or oneself (e.g. humor in the face of adversity)

61
Q

Miscellaneous

Although ending in ‘-ic’ is much more common, when do adjectives end in ‘-ical?’

A

1. With nouns ending in ‘-ology’

(e.g. neurology, anthropolgy, etc.)

2. With nouns ending in ‘-ic’

(e.g. logic, cleric, clinic, etc.)

62
Q

Clinical Skills

The methodology for breaking bad news follows the ________ protocol.

A

The methodology for breaking bad news follows the SPIKES protocol.

63
Q

Clinical Skills

Name the S in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

A

Set-up

  • (1. Arrange for privacy*
    1. Involve significant others*
    1. Sit down*
    1. Make connection with patient*
    1. Manage time constraints and interruptions)*
64
Q

Clinical Skills

Name the P in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

A

Assess Patient’s Perception

  • (1. Use open-ended questions*
    1. Correct misinformation*
    1. Determine if patient is in denial, wishful thinking, or unrealistic expectations)*
65
Q

Clinical Skills

Name the I in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

A

Obtain the patient’s invitation

  • (1. Get the patient to express their desire for information (to lessen the anxiety of delivering bad news)*
    1. Discuss information disclosure ahead of time (e.g. when the test is ordered) — ‘How would you like the information to be communicated?’)*
66
Q

Clinical Skills

Name the K in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

A

Give knowledge and information to patient

  • (1. Warn the patient that bad news is coming*
    1. Give medical facts (avoid jargon, euphemisms, and excessive bluntness)*
    1. Offer hope and treatment (even if just palliative) no matter how poor the prognosis)*
67
Q

Clinical Skills

Name the E in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

A

Address the patient’s Emotional response with empathy

  • (1. Observe emotional response; ask open-ended questions to illicit the emotion (if necessary)*
    1. Name the emotion*
    1. Provide empathetic responses (e.g. ‘I know this isn’t what you wanted to hear’)*
    1. Give space and time; show support)*
68
Q

Clinical Skills

Name the second S in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

A

Strategy and Summary

  • (1. Ask if the patient is prepared to discuss treatment*
    1. Present treatment options*
    1. Share responsibility for decision-making with patient*
    1. Check patient understanding*
    1. Understand patient goals*
    1. Frame hope in terms of possibility)*
69
Q

Clinical Skills

Describe the S in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

Set-up

A

Set-up

  1. Arrange for privacy
  2. Involve significant others
  3. Sit down
  4. Make connection with patient
  5. Manage time constraints and interruptions
70
Q

Clinical Skills

Describe the P in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

Assess Patient’s Perception

A

Assess Patient’s Perception

  1. Use open-ended questions
  2. Correct misinformation
  3. Determine if patient is in denial, wishful thinking, or unrealistic expectations
71
Q

Clinical Skills

Describe the I in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

_Obtain the patient’s invitation_

A

Obtain the patient’s invitation

  1. Get the patient to express their desire for information (to lessen the anxiety of delivering bad news)
  2. Discuss information disclosure ahead of time (e.g. when the test is ordered) — ‘How would you like the information to be communicated?’
72
Q

Clinical Skills

Describe the K in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

Give knowledge and information to patient

A

Give knowledge and information to patient

  1. Warn the patient that bad news is coming
  2. Give medical facts (avoid jargon, euphemisms, and excessive bluntness)
  3. Offer hope and treatment (even if just palliative) no matter how poor the prognosis
73
Q

Clinical Skills

Describe the E in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

Address the patient’s Emotional response with empathy

A

Address the patient’s Emotional response with empathy

  1. Observe emotional response; ask open-ended questions to illicit the emotion (if necessary)
  2. Name the emotion
  3. Provide empathetic responses (e.g. ‘I know this isn’t what you wanted to hear’)
  4. Give space and time; show support
74
Q

Clinical Skills

Describe the second S in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

Strategy and Summary

A

Strategy and Summary

  1. Ask if the patient is prepared to discuss treatment
  2. Present treatment options
  3. Share responsibility for decision-making with patient
  4. Check patient understanding
  5. Understand patient goals
  6. Frame hope in terms of possibility
75
Q

Clinical Skills

Outline the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.

A

Set-up

Assess patient perception

Obtain the patient’s invitation

Communicate knowledge and information

Address the patient’s emotional response

Strategy and summary

76
Q

Miscellaneous

_____________ (U.S. leader) negotiated the Louisiana Purchase with ____________ (French leader).

A

Thomas Jefferson negotiated the Louisiana Purchase with Napoleon Bonaparte.

77
Q

Miscellaneous

What are three useful questions to encourage others (e.g., your children) to ask as they consider whether their sexual actions are appropriate?

A

‘Is it safe?’

‘Is it consensual?’

‘Is it legal?’

78
Q

Miscellaneous

What is the Japanese term that has a similar meaning to the French raison d’etre in that it describes a person’s reason for existence and “that which gives one worth and gets them out of bed in the morning.”

A

Ikigai

79
Q

Miscellaneous

What term refers to individuals who fear/oppose technological advancements?

A

Luddite

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