Miscellaneous Flashcards
Miscellaneous
What did Carl Schneider (Professor of law and medicine at the University of Michigan) find in relation to what patients want from a physician?
Kindness and competence
Miscellaneous
How long is a mile?
5,280 feet
Miscellaneous
Which is longer, yards or meters?
Meters
Miscellaneous
How long is a yard as compared to a meter?
3 and 3/8 inches shorter
(a yard is 3 feet; a meter is 100 centimeters)
Miscellaneous
One pint is how many ounces?
16
Miscellaneous
One quart is how many pints?
Two
Miscellaneous
One gallon is how many quarts?
Four
Miscellaneous
One tablespoon is how many teaspoons?
3
Miscellaneous
What was the Malthusian theory of population?
Arithmetic food supply growth
+
exponential population growth
Miscellaneous
What was the Scopes monkey trial about (1925)?
The right to teach evolution in schools
Miscellaneous
What is the chemical composition of air?
78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% argon and other gases
Miscellaneous
What causes ‘pee shivers?’
Autonomic mix-up during voiding
(may be errant catecholamine release)
Miscellaneous
Why are the ocean and sky blue?
Ocean and atmospheric particles absorb/deflect red light and reflect/disperse blue light
(Rayleigh scattering)
Miscellaneous
Which countries are part of the United Kingdom (Britain)?
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Miscellaneous
Liable is _________.
Slander is _________.
Liable is written.
Slander is spoken.
Miscellaneous
Are most U.S. states subject to single- or all-party consent laws?
Single-party
(38 states / 50)
Miscellaneous
Of the EGOT awards, _________ are for television.
Of the EGOT awards, Emmy awards are for television.
Miscellaneous
Of the EGOT awards, _________ are for music.
Of the EGOT awards, Grammy awards are for music.
Miscellaneous
Of the EGOT awards, _________ are for theater.
Of the EGOT awards, Tony awards are for theater.
Miscellaneous
Of the EGOT awards, _________ are for film.
Of the EGOT awards, Oscar awards are for film.
Miscellaneous
Identify what the the S, I, and R stand for in the SIR model of infectious disease spread.
Susceptible
Infected
Recovered
(some models include exposed, carrier, and/or deceased as well)
Miscellaneous
What equation is used to calculate BMI?
Miscellaneous
What is polygyny?
One man simultaneously marrying more than one woman
(a form of polygamy)
Miscellaneous
What is polyandry?
One woman simultaneously marrying more than one man
(a form of polygamy)
Miscellaneous
In his article ‘The Cost Conundrum,’ what does Atul Gawande argue is the cause of the exorbitantly high medical costs in the U.S.?
Overmedicalization
(too many tests, too many procedures, too many medications, too many hospitalizations)
Miscellaneous
What are the four states with the highest medical expenditures? Are these also the states with the best outcomes?
LA, TX, CA, FL;
no, quality of patient care is near worst in these states
Miscellaneous
Why is ‘more medicine’ not necessarily ‘better medicine?’
Medical procedures carry risks;
they are expensive
Miscellaneous
True/False.
Annually, more U.S. citizens die from surgical complications (~100,000) than from car accidents.
True.
Miscellaneous
In areas of the U.S. with the highest medical expenditures (e.g. LA, TX, CA, FL), do patients receive more preventative treatment and PCP visits?
No;
they receive more of the expensive types of care and less of the [more effective] cheaper types
Miscellaneous
What percentage of Medicare costs could be saved with no decrease in health outcomes if expenditures in high-cost areas were brought down to those of low-cost areas?
30%
Miscellaneous
What are some examples of very successful (and not-for-profit) accountable care organizations in the U.S. that are succeeding in providing high-quality, low-cost care?
Kaiser Permanente (CA); Intermountain Healthcare (UT); the Marshfield Clinic (WI); the Geisinger Health System (PA); the Ochsner Health System (LA)
Miscellaneous
How does the Mayo Clinic pay its providers?
Salary pay
Miscellaneous
How are American doctors typically paid, (1) as individuals or as teams, and (2), for quantity or quality?
(1) Individuals
(2) Quantity
Miscellaneous
What term refers to a free choice in which only one thing is truly offered?
(I.e. a ‘take it or leave it’ scenario)
A Hobson’s choice
Miscellaneous
What formula can be used to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius, or vice versa?
(F - 32) * 5/9 Or, conversely, (C * 9/5) + 32
Miscellaneous
What is the current U.S. childhood obesity rate?
17% (About half of the adult rate)
Miscellaneous
Is there a premium for Medicare Part A?
Usually not. Just a $500-750 deductible
Miscellaneous
Is there a premium for Medicare Part B?
$131 per year + 20% copay
Miscellaneous
What is Medigap?
Insurance that helps to supplement the 20% copay attached to Medicare Part B
Miscellaneous
What is isotonic muscle contraction?
The muscle shortens while tension remains relatively constant
Miscellaneous
What is isometric muscle contraction?
The muscle length stays constant while the tension changes
Miscellaneous
What is the recipe for oral rehydration solution?
6 tsps sugar
0.5 tsp salt
1 liter water
Miscellaneous
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric contraction?
Concentric contraction is normal contraction where the muscle shortens as the muscle contracts.
Eccentric contraction is when the muscle lengthens as it contracts.
Miscellaneous
Infographic showing world breakdowns
Miscellaneous
What percentage of modifiable health outcomes is associated with socioeconomic factors?
40%
https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors
Miscellaneous
What percentage of modifiable health outcomes is associated with your physical environment?
10%
https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors
Miscellaneous
What percentage of modifiable health outcomes is associated with behavior and lifestyle?
30%
https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors
Miscellaneous
What percentage of modifiable health outcomes is associated with medical services?
20%
https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/measures-data-sources/county-health-rankings-model/health-factors
Miscellaneous
Why are the odds and risk ratios more or less equal when disease prevalence is low? Use a 2x2 table to explain.
The odds ratio ( a/c / b/d ) is a good approximation of the risk ratio ( a/(a+b) / c/(c+d) ) at low disease prevalence because a low disease prevalence means that ‘a’ and ‘c’ are small, and so ‘b’ and ‘d’ hold more weight in the equation.
Miscellaneous
What was the Rwandan genocide? How many people died?
A 100-day killing spree in 1994 by the Hutu; 800,000 Tutsis died
Miscellaneous
When was Hurricane Katrina? How many people died as a direct result?
August 2005; 1200
Miscellaneous
What three factors does the Glasgow Coma Scale assess? What other factor is sometimes incorporated in coma assessment?
Eye response (0 to 4)
Verbal response (0 to 5)
Motor response (0 to 6)
Pupil reactivity (-2 to 0)
Miscellaneous
In what percentage of cancer is tobacco implicated?
And alcohol?
19%
6%
Miscellaneous
What are some key points to remember from the book Scarcity?
Tunneling and myopia,
the bandwidth tax,
and that scarcity causes scarcity
Miscellaneous
What finding does Malcolm Gladwell point out about IQ above 130?
Once an individual gets above an IQ of 130, the differences in IQ stop having any real prediction as to successfulness in life. One only needs to be ‘smart enough’ to succeed, and then other factors start holding much more weight
Miscellaneous
According to Steven Pinker, what is the geometric mean for the number of options one has available in selecting the next word in a grammatical and sensible sentence?
(I.e. on average, how many words do I have to choose from in choosing the single next word in a sentence as I am speaking?)
~10
(Meaning a twenty-word sentence has about 1020 variations!!! We aren’t running out of new sentences and new ways of expressing ourselves any time soon.)
Miscellaneous
Why are we never going to run out of new music?
8 musical notes to choose from
So, in a two-note pair: 64 options
In a three-note motif: 512 options
In a four-note line: 4,096 options
In a five-note line: 32,768 options
In a ten-note line: >108 options
Etc.
Miscellaneous
What is the difference in usage between less and fewer?
Fewer refers to discrete, countable quantities (I have fewer pears than oranges.)
Less refers to measured quantities (She weighs less than he does.)
Miscellaneous
What is the difference in usage between further and farther?
Farther refers to physical distances (Walk just a little farther.)
Further refers to metaphysical continuances (Let’s explore this idea a little further.)
Miscellaneous
What is the difference in usage between sarcastic and sardonic?
Sarcasm refers to ironic remarks used to hurt someone (i.e. using tone and context to express the opposite of what was literally stated)
Sardonism refers to ironic remarks used as a form of humor to deprecate a difficult situation, another, or oneself (e.g. humor in the face of adversity)
Miscellaneous
Although ending in ‘-ic’ is much more common, when do adjectives end in ‘-ical?’
1. With nouns ending in ‘-ology’
(e.g. neurology, anthropolgy, etc.)
2. With nouns ending in ‘-ic’
(e.g. logic, cleric, clinic, etc.)
Clinical Skills
The methodology for breaking bad news follows the ________ protocol.
The methodology for breaking bad news follows the SPIKES protocol.
Clinical Skills
Name the S in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Set-up
- (1. Arrange for privacy*
- Involve significant others*
- Sit down*
- Make connection with patient*
- Manage time constraints and interruptions)*
Clinical Skills
Name the P in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Assess Patient’s Perception
- (1. Use open-ended questions*
- Correct misinformation*
- Determine if patient is in denial, wishful thinking, or unrealistic expectations)*
Clinical Skills
Name the I in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Obtain the patient’s invitation
- (1. Get the patient to express their desire for information (to lessen the anxiety of delivering bad news)*
- Discuss information disclosure ahead of time (e.g. when the test is ordered) — ‘How would you like the information to be communicated?’)*
Clinical Skills
Name the K in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Give knowledge and information to patient
- (1. Warn the patient that bad news is coming*
- Give medical facts (avoid jargon, euphemisms, and excessive bluntness)*
- Offer hope and treatment (even if just palliative) no matter how poor the prognosis)*
Clinical Skills
Name the E in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Address the patient’s Emotional response with empathy
- (1. Observe emotional response; ask open-ended questions to illicit the emotion (if necessary)*
- Name the emotion*
- Provide empathetic responses (e.g. ‘I know this isn’t what you wanted to hear’)*
- Give space and time; show support)*
Clinical Skills
Name the second S in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Strategy and Summary
- (1. Ask if the patient is prepared to discuss treatment*
- Present treatment options*
- Share responsibility for decision-making with patient*
- Check patient understanding*
- Understand patient goals*
- Frame hope in terms of possibility)*
Clinical Skills
Describe the S in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Set-up
Set-up
- Arrange for privacy
- Involve significant others
- Sit down
- Make connection with patient
- Manage time constraints and interruptions
Clinical Skills
Describe the P in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Assess Patient’s Perception
Assess Patient’s Perception
- Use open-ended questions
- Correct misinformation
- Determine if patient is in denial, wishful thinking, or unrealistic expectations
Clinical Skills
Describe the I in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
_Obtain the patient’s invitation_
Obtain the patient’s invitation
- Get the patient to express their desire for information (to lessen the anxiety of delivering bad news)
- Discuss information disclosure ahead of time (e.g. when the test is ordered) — ‘How would you like the information to be communicated?’
Clinical Skills
Describe the K in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Give knowledge and information to patient
Give knowledge and information to patient
- Warn the patient that bad news is coming
- Give medical facts (avoid jargon, euphemisms, and excessive bluntness)
- Offer hope and treatment (even if just palliative) no matter how poor the prognosis
Clinical Skills
Describe the E in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Address the patient’s Emotional response with empathy
Address the patient’s Emotional response with empathy
- Observe emotional response; ask open-ended questions to illicit the emotion (if necessary)
- Name the emotion
- Provide empathetic responses (e.g. ‘I know this isn’t what you wanted to hear’)
- Give space and time; show support
Clinical Skills
Describe the second S in the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Strategy and Summary
Strategy and Summary
- Ask if the patient is prepared to discuss treatment
- Present treatment options
- Share responsibility for decision-making with patient
- Check patient understanding
- Understand patient goals
- Frame hope in terms of possibility
Clinical Skills
Outline the SPIKES protocol for breaking bad news.
Set-up
Assess patient perception
Obtain the patient’s invitation
Communicate knowledge and information
Address the patient’s emotional response
Strategy and summary
Miscellaneous
_____________ (U.S. leader) negotiated the Louisiana Purchase with ____________ (French leader).
Thomas Jefferson negotiated the Louisiana Purchase with Napoleon Bonaparte.
Miscellaneous
What are three useful questions to encourage others (e.g., your children) to ask as they consider whether their sexual actions are appropriate?
‘Is it safe?’
‘Is it consensual?’
‘Is it legal?’
Miscellaneous
What is the Japanese term that has a similar meaning to the French raison d’etre in that it describes a person’s reason for existence and “that which gives one worth and gets them out of bed in the morning.”
Ikigai
Miscellaneous
What term refers to individuals who fear/oppose technological advancements?
Luddite
