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Respiratory Exam 1 > Physical Aspects of Breathing > Flashcards

Physical Aspects of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of conducting airways

A
  • warm, humidify, and cleanse inhaled air
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2
Q

respiratory defense mechanisms

A
  • anatomic
  • mechanical
  • immune
  • general
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3
Q

anatomic respiratory defense mechanisms

A
  • upper airway (nose)

- epiglottis/larynx

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4
Q

mechanical respiratory defense mechanisms

A
  • mucociliary and cough clearance
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5
Q

immune respiratory defense mechanisms

A
  • innate

- adaptive

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6
Q

innate immune respiratory defense mechanisms

A
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
  • defensins
  • complement
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7
Q

adaptive immune respiratory defense mechanisms

A
  • secretory IgA
  • humoral antibody
  • cellular immunity
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8
Q

general respiratory defense mechanisms

A
  • alveolar macrophages
  • inflammatory response
  • anti-oxidants
  • anti-proteases
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9
Q

why does the amount of O2 consumed differ from the CO2 produced?

A
  • depends on the source of carbon in the diet
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10
Q

what do we use the alveolar gas equation for

A
  • compare alveolar gas to blood gas

- determine how well the lungs are working

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11
Q

Dalton’s law

A
  • total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas
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12
Q

Henry’s law

A
  • the amount of gas dissolved in the liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid
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13
Q

what happens with pulmonary capillary blood and alveolar gas in a healthy lung

A
  • pulmonary capillary blood equilibrate with alveolar gas
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14
Q

PAO2 in the body

what does the A stand for

A
  • 104 mmHg

- alveolar

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15
Q

PACO2 in the body

A
  • 40 mmHg
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16
Q

branching pattern of the airways in the lung

A
  • dichotomous branching patterns
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17
Q

how many generations of branching

A
  • 23
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18
Q

which are the cartilaginous airways?

A
  • bronchi
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19
Q

which are the non cartilaginous airways?

A
  • bronchioles

- terminal bronchioles

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20
Q

what constitutes the conducting zone

A
  • bronchi
  • bronchiole
  • terminal bronchiole
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21
Q

important component of respiratory bronchioles

A
  • alveoli
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22
Q

what constitutes the respiratory zone

A
  • respiratory bronchiole
  • alveolar duct
  • alveolar sac
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23
Q

capillaries in the conducting zone

A
  • not close enough to inspired air for gas exchange to occur
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24
Q

capillaries in the respiratory zone

A
  • close enough to inspired air for gas exchange to occur
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25
Q

what is anatomic dead space

A
  • air in the conducting zone that cannot contribute to gas exchange
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26
Q

where do we find most vascularization in the lung?

A
  • within the alveoli
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27
Q

importance of branching of airways in regard to cross sectional area

A
  • aggregate cross-sectional area of the airways increases with each generation
28
Q

expansion of the lung during inspiration is achieved by ______ in thoracic volume

A
  • an increase in thoracic volume
29
Q

muscles involved in quiet breathing during inspiration

A
  • contraction and downward movement of diaphragm

- contraction of external intercostals

30
Q

muscles involved in quiet breathing during expiration

A
  • no active muscular contraction

- driven by elastic recoil of viscera, rib cage, and lung

31
Q

muscle involved in forced expiration

A
  • contraction of abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

- nonmuscular: lung elastic recoil

32
Q

how do we express alveolar pressure

A
  • cmH2O
33
Q

alveolar pressure at end expiration

A

0 cm H2O

34
Q

alveolar pressure during inspiration

importance of this

A
  • 1 cm H2O

- pressure becomes more subatmospheric and creates a driving force for the inward flow of air

35
Q

where is the intrapleural space location

A
  • between the outer surface of the lung and the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
36
Q

intrapleural pressure at end expiration

A

-5 cm H2O

37
Q

intra pleural pressure during inspiration

A

-8 cm H2O

38
Q

what pleura lines the lung

A
  • visceral pleura
39
Q

what pleura lines the chest cavity

A
  • parietal pleura
40
Q

pleural fluid originates as

A
  • ultra filtrate from the chest wall systemic microcirculation
41
Q

pleural fluid exits via

A
  • via parietal pleural lymphatic stomata
42
Q

why is there negative pressure in the pleural space?

A
  • balance between lung wanting to collapse and chest wall wanting to spring out develops a suction (negative pressure) between them
43
Q

sub atmospheric pressure in the pleural space at end-expiration is caused by

A
  • tendency of the lung to collapse and ribs to spring outward
44
Q

why does intrapleural pressure become more negative during inspiration?

A
  • due to Boyle’s Law
  • thoracic cavity volume is increased
  • pressure drops when volume increases
45
Q

what is transpulmonary pressure

how do we calculate it

usual value

A
  • pressure difference across the surface of the lung, relative to alveolar pressure
  • alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure
  • usually positive
46
Q

importance of positive value of transpulmonary pressure

A
  • holds lungs open at end-expiration (because intrapleural pressure is negative)
  • when transpulmonary pressure increases during inspiration to overcome elastance of lung, lung inflates
47
Q

compliance of the lung formula

A
  • change in volume / change in pressure
48
Q

elastance definition

A
  • inverse of compliance
49
Q

process of lung inflation during inspiration

A
  • inspiratory muscles contract
  • thoracic cavity expands
  • intrapleural pressure becomes more negative
  • transmural pressure gradient increases, creates subatmospheric alveolar pressure
  • air flows inward and lung inflates
50
Q

mechanical energy transferred where during end expiration

A
  • from chest wall to lungs to keep lungs expanded
51
Q

mechanical energy transferred where during end inspiration

A
  • from lung to chest wall due to elastic recoil of lungs
52
Q

why does expiration during a quiet tidal breath take longer than inspiration

A
  • typically passive and not driven by active muscular contraction
  • driven by elastic recoil of the lung
53
Q

volume of a single inspiration or expiration

A
  • tidal volume
54
Q

maximal volume that can be inhaled following a normal inspiration

A
  • inspiratory reserve volume
55
Q

volume which can be forcibly expired from a normal expiration

A
  • expiratory reserve volume
56
Q

volume remaining after a maximal expiration

A
  • residual volume
57
Q

volume remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration
- volume when the system is relaxed

how to calculate

A
  • functional residual capacity

- ERV + RV

58
Q

maximum volume of gas that can be inspired following a tidal expiration
- the most air you can inspire

how to calculate

A
  • inspiratory capacity

- TV + IRV

59
Q

maximal volume of gas which can be expired following a maximal inspiration
- the most air you can exhale

how to calculate

A
  • vital capacity

- TV + IRV + ERV

60
Q

sum of all four non overlapping lung volumes

how to calculate

A
  • total lung capacity

- RV + ERV + TV + IRV

61
Q

what do we use a body plethysmograph for

A
  • measurement of the residual volume and functional residual capacity
62
Q

what does functional residual capacity define

A
  • mechanical equilibrium between the lung wanting to recoil inwards and ribs wanting to spring out at the end of a tidal breath when no active force is applied to the system
63
Q

pressures in lung compared to pressures in vascular system

A
  • low

- easier to move air than liquid

64
Q

what will alveolar pressure be during expiration

A
  • more positive
65
Q

what will intrapleural pressure be during expiration

A
  • less negative

Respiratory Exam 1 (27 decks)

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