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Respiratory Exam 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory tract composed of

A
  • nose
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • upper larynx
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2
Q

lower respiratory tract composed of

A
  • lower larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
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3
Q

goal of respiratory tract

A
  • conduct air

- gas exchange with the blood

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4
Q

further breakdown of lower respiratory tract

A
  • primary bronchus
  • secondary bronchus
  • tertiary bronchus
  • terminal bronchiole
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5
Q

gases are exchanged between

A
  • blood in capillaries

- air in alveoli

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6
Q

gas exchange requires that alveoli have

A
  • alveoli have thin walls
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7
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the lower respiratory tract

why is this important

A
  • simple squamous

- thin so it allows for gas exchange

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8
Q

alveolar lumens are lined by

A
  • surfactant
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9
Q

surfactant is secreted by

A
  • type 2 pneumocytes
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10
Q

role of surfactant

A
  • keeps alveolar surface tension low so that thin-walled alveoli don’t collapse
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11
Q

what are collapsed alveoli called

A
  • atelectasis
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12
Q

what can atelectasis cause

A
  • respiratory distress
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13
Q

trachea and lung develops from which germ layer

A
  • endoderm
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14
Q

the lower respiratory tract arises as an _______ of the _____

A
  • anterior diverticulum

- of the GI tract (specifically the pharynx)

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15
Q

what is a diverticulum?

A
  • a blind tube arising from a cavity or tube
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16
Q

when does the trachea and lung form?

A
  • during week 4
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17
Q

why does the anterior diverticulum make sense?

A
  • because it forms anterior to the esophagus
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18
Q

in what direction does the lower respiratory tract develop?

A
  • cranial to caudal
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19
Q

what are the most caudal structures?

A
  • alveoli
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20
Q

what are the last structures to form?

A
  • alveoli
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21
Q

is there any respiratory function (gas exchange) in-utero?

where does it occur?

A
  • no

- occurs in the placenta

22
Q

importance of fetus respiratory movements

A
  • bring amniotic fluid in and out of developing respiratory tree
  • necessary for lung development
23
Q

placenta formed by

A
  • the embryo
24
Q

what does the maternal blood release into the placenta?

where does it go?

A
  • nutrients and O2

- goes into the fetal blood

25
Q

what does the fetal blood release into the placenta?

where does it go?

A
  • releases CO2 and wastes

- goes into the maternal blood

26
Q

placenta functions as

A
  • fetal lungs, kidney, and GI tract
27
Q

what does the fetus “breathe”

A
  • amniotic fluid (not air)
28
Q

post-natal breathing requires

when must this be accomplished?

A
  • alveoli are formed
  • alveoli have thin walls
  • alveoli secrete surfactant to keep them open
  • this must be accomplished by birth
29
Q

a term fetus is how many weeks?

A
  • 38 weeks
30
Q

a term fetus normally has adequate amounts of ________ alveoli

A
  • mature, thin-walled
31
Q

a term fetus normally has adequate amounts of ______ for breathing air

A
  • surfactant
32
Q

what happens at week 22?

A
  • primitive, thick walled alveoli begin to develop
33
Q

when do the last alveoli develop

A
  • around 7 years old
34
Q

when is surfactant produced?

A
  • around week 24
35
Q

over time the thick alveolar walls become ____

A
  • thin
36
Q

over time increasing numbers of ______ develop

A
  • air sacs
37
Q

over time _________ production increases

A
  • surfactant
38
Q

in a premature infant, viability is partially dependent on the ability to

which requires

A
  • breath air

- requires adequate quantities of surfactant

39
Q

what happens if surfactant is deficient

A
  • infant respiratory destress syndrome may develop
40
Q

what can be used in premature infants while lungs continue to develop after birth?

A
  • artificial surfactant
41
Q

how many weeks before the baby is due defines prematurity

A
  • at least 3
42
Q

tracheoesophageal fistula arises in what weeks?

A
  • 4-7
43
Q

tracheoesophageal fistula most common type

A
  • type C
44
Q

tracheoesophageal fistula clinical symptoms in utero

A
  • polyhydramnios - excessive amniotic fluid
45
Q

tracheoesophageal fistula clinical symptoms after birth

A
  • choking
  • coughing
  • cyanosis
  • vomiting
46
Q

embryonic lung development period in which weeks

what occurs

A
  • 3-8

- bronchi and bronchioles form

47
Q

pseudoglandular lung development period in which weeks

what occurs

A
  • 5-16

- bronchioles branch into terminal bronchioles

48
Q

canicular lung development period in which weeks

what occurs

A
  • 16-26

- terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles

49
Q

saccular lung development period in which weeks

what occurs

A
  • 26-38 (birth)

- alveolar ducts form

50
Q

alveolar lung development period in which weeks

what occurs

A
  • 36-38 and even further after birth

- alveolar sacs form

Respiratory Exam 1 (27 decks)

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