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Respiratory Exam 1 > Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypercarbia

A
  • excess CO2
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2
Q

CO2 transport intimately related to precise regulation of

A
  • plasma, cellular, tissue pH
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3
Q

acids other than those based on CO2 are termed

A
  • metabolic acids
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4
Q

what compounds constitute the primary buffer system that regulates pH

what controls these

A
  • HCO3- (kidneys)

- CO2 (lungs)

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5
Q

what is critical for regulation of pH

A
  • ratio of bicarb/CO2
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6
Q

how is HCO3- exported to plasma

A
  • by the chloride shift
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7
Q

what blood pH value defines acidosis

A
  • below 7.35
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8
Q

what blood pH value defines alkalosis

A
  • above 7.45
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9
Q

do acids and conjugate bases or conjugate acids and bases of weak acid/base neutralize each other

A
  • no
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10
Q

definition of an acid

A
  • donates protons
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11
Q

definition of a base

A
  • accepts protons
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12
Q

definition of strong acid/base

A
  • dissociate completely in aqueous solutions
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13
Q

when acid or base is added to a buffer

why?

A
  • the solution resists pH changes

- added H+ or OH- can be neutralized by base or acid in buffer

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14
Q

what happens to pH when CO2 elimination = CO2 production

A
  • pH is constant
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15
Q

If CO2 is eliminated faster than it is produced, what will happen to the blood

A
  • blood will become alkalotic
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16
Q

if more CO2 is produced than is eliminated, what will happen to the blood

A
  • blood will become acidotic
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17
Q

respiratory acids are eliminated by

A
  • lung
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18
Q

metabolic acids are eliminated by

A
  • the kidney
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19
Q

metabolic, non-volatile, fixed acids are

A
  • end products of protein, amino acid, lipid, and nucleic acid metabolism.
20
Q

the effectiveness of a buffer is determined by

A
  • its concentration pKa

- ambient pH

21
Q

buffering power is greater in what kind of system

A
  • an open system

- why bicarb buffering with CO2 regulation by lung ventilation is so effective

22
Q

regulation of PCO2 and HCO3-

A
  • regulated independently
23
Q

how does the cellular cytosol act as a buffer

A
  • uses a combination of phosphate and protein buffers
24
Q

how does Hb act as a buffer

A
  • it is rich in histidine
25
Q

time frame of cellular buffering

importance of this

A
  • transient

- gives the body time to react and compensate

26
Q

an importance part of physiologic buffering is moving _______ between plasma and cells

A
  • acids and bases
27
Q

all volatile acids and bases are buffered how

why

A
  • intracellularly

- role of carbonic anhydrase inside cells

28
Q

respiratory acidosis due to

result

due to which condition

A
  • insufficient excretion of CO2 by the lungs
  • PaCO2 rises, pH falls
  • hypoventilation
29
Q

respiratory alkalosis due to

result

due to which condition

A
  • excess excretion of CO2 by the lungs
  • PaCO2 falls and plasma pH rises
  • hyperventilation
30
Q

role of secreted HPO4 and NH3 into tubule lumen (toward urine)

A
  • bind H+ and lose more acid in the urine
31
Q

metabolic acidosis due to

what does CO2 do

result

due to which condition

A
  • metabolic acids that consume HCO3-
  • CO2 stays normal
  • becomes more acidic
  • hypoxia, exercise, diabetes, diarrhea
32
Q

metabolic alkalosis due to

what does CO2 do

result

due to which condition

A
  • loss of metabolic acids that increase plasma HCO3-
  • CO2 normal
  • becomes more alkalotic
  • excess emesis, diuretics
33
Q

compensation for respiratory acidosis

A
  • kidney increases secretion of H+ in urine and retains HCO3- in plasma
34
Q

compensation for respiratory alkalosis

A
  • kidney decreases secretion of H+ and decreases retention of HCO3-
35
Q

time of response from renal

A
  • renal response takes 6-12 hours
36
Q

compensation for metabolic acidosis

A
  • ventilation increases to decrease CO2 to normalize pH
37
Q

what is Kussmaul breathing

A
  • rapid shallow breathing that can progress to deep labored breathing in severe diabetic kept acidosis
38
Q

compensation for metabolic alkalosis

A
  • body decreases ventilation to increase CO2
39
Q

what is the normal range of anion gap

A
  • 3-16
40
Q

what does anion gap and electro-neutrality mean

which are more

how is that compensated for

A
  • equal numbers of positive and negative charges
  • more cations than anions
  • made up by negative charges on proteins and minor organic phosphates
41
Q

what will acid or base insults do?

A
  • consume or generate HCO3-
42
Q

what happens to the ion gap in DKA

A
  • anions acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate increase which creates high anion gap
43
Q

plasma pH is sensed by chemoreceptors where

A
  • in the brain
44
Q

response of brain chemoreceptors to acidosis

A
  • excites them to increase ventilation
45
Q

response of brain chemoreceptors to alkalosis

A
  • quiets them to decrease ventilation
46
Q

time frame for respiratory compensation

A
  • very rapid, minutes

Respiratory Exam 1 (27 decks)

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