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Respiratory Exam 1 > Dynamics: Resistance to Air Flow > Flashcards

Dynamics: Resistance to Air Flow Flashcards

1
Q

airway caliber changes during

A
  • the breathing cycle
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2
Q

resistance is dependent upon

A
  • radius of airway

- airflow pattern

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3
Q

is resistance constant?

A
  • no
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4
Q

what is airflow pattern determined by

A
  • flow rates
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5
Q

describe laminar flow

A
  • parabolic flow pattern

- center moving faster than near tube walls

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6
Q

pressure drop in laminar flow

A
  • directly proportional to flow rate
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7
Q

describe turbulent flow

A
  • vortices and eddies that increase reaction of fluid with tube wall
  • consumes energy
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8
Q

pressure drop in turbulent flow

A
  • proportional to square of flow rate
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9
Q

describe transitional flow

A
  • intermediate state with elements of both laminar and turbulent flow
  • eddies present at constrictions or branch points
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10
Q

flow if pressure difference doubled in turbulent flow

A
  • flow will be less than doubled

- it will be the square route of the doubled pressure difference

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11
Q

where in the lungs do we find turbulent airflow

A
  • trachea
  • maintstem bronchi
  • large diameter structures
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12
Q

where in the lungs do we find transitional airflow

A
  • most of bronchial tree
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13
Q

where in the lungs do we find laminar airflow

A
  • small airways like the normal bronchioles
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14
Q

the pressure difference driving airflow is highest where (in regards to type of flow)

and lowest where

A
  • where flow is turbulent

- lowest where flow is laminar

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15
Q

resistance compared to radius in a tube under laminar flow conditions

A
  • resistance inversely proportional to 4th power of the radius
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16
Q

relationship of flow to tube length

A
  • inverse
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17
Q

relationship of resistance to tube length

A
  • directly proportional
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18
Q

resistance to flow is highly dependent on

A
  • airway generation
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19
Q

the exponential increase in airway number and cross sectional area results in

A
  • decrease in aggregate airway resistance
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20
Q

the highest resistance in the lung is present in

A
  • segmental bronchi
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21
Q

during the final stages of gas exchange in the respiratory zone, gas molecule move more by

A
  • diffusion than bulk flow
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22
Q

why are small airways considered the “silent zone”

A
  • contribute minimally to lung resistance

- disease in these areas must become well advanced before it is easily detected

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23
Q

airway caliber and resistance during inspiration

A
  • airway caliber increases

- resistance drops

24
Q

airway caliber and resistance during expiration

A
  • airway caliber decreases

- resistance increases

25
Q

where is total lung capacity located on the flow-volume loop?

A
  • left most point
26
Q

where is residual volume located on the flow-volume loop?

A
  • right most point
27
Q

at the beginning of expiration, airflow out of the lung is ________ upon the force of expiration

A
  • dependent
28
Q

after a certain amount of time of expiration, airflow out of the lung is __________ upon the force of expiration

A
  • independent
29
Q

effort independent phase of forced expiration due to

A
  • dynamic compression of non-cartilaginous airways at lower lung volumes when airway radius is smaller and resistance is greater
30
Q

flow during inspiration on the flow-volume loop is

A
  • symmetrical
31
Q

maximal inspiratory flow develops where on the flow-volume loop

A
  • halfway between RV and TLC
32
Q

FRC represents

A
  • the point where the outward recoil of the chest counterbalances the elastic recoil of the lung
33
Q

the net result of increased airway resistance is that

A
  • pressure drop within airway from alveolus towards mouth becomes much steeper
34
Q

equal pressure point on effort dependent expiration

A
  • located inside larger cartilaginous airways
35
Q

equal pressure point on effort independent expiration

A
  • lofted in non-cartilaginous collapsable airways
36
Q

when pressure inside the floppy, noncartilaginous airway becomes lower than pressure in surrounding lung what happens

A
  • choke points develop that collapse the airway
37
Q

airflow that is effort independent is driven mainly by

A
  • elastic recoil of the lung
38
Q

what is the equal pressure point

A
  • the point where pressure inside the airway is equal to pressure in the lung tissue
39
Q

from the equal pressure point towards the mouth as pressure inside the airways continues to drop

A
  • there is now a negative transmural pressure that tries to collapse the airway
40
Q

why do the non-cartilaginous airways not totally collapse during effort independent phase of forced expiration

A
  • the walls of alveoli that diminish help hold alveolar ducts and small airways open
  • alveolar interdependence
41
Q

coping strategies in obstructive lung disease

A
  • exhale slowly
  • breathe at high lung volumes
  • create a back pressure via pursed lips
42
Q

why do people with obstructive lung disease exhale slowly

A
  • lower pleural pressures

- minimize tendency for small airway collapse

43
Q

why do people with obstructive lung disease breathe at high lung volumes

A
  • increases airway diameter

- lowers resistance

44
Q

why do people with obstructive lung disease purse the lips

A
  • build up back pressure to hold small airways open
45
Q

_____ are lower in both obstructive and restrictive lung disease

A
  • peak flows
46
Q

obstructive flow volume curves have a ________ appearance

A
  • scooped out
47
Q

why do obstructive flow volume curves have a scooped out appearance

A
  • airways are dynamically compressed earlier in expiration and at higher lung volumes
48
Q

what is FEV1

A
  • volume of air expired in first second of max expiration
49
Q

normal value of FEV1 as a percent of forced vital capacity

A
  • > 80%
50
Q

FEF25-75% represents

A
  • flow during middle half of expiration
  • airflows through small airways
  • effort independent phase
51
Q

FEV1 in patients with obstructive disease

A
  • low
52
Q

FEV1/FVC in patients with obstructive disease

A
  • low
53
Q

FEV! in patients with restrictive disease

A
  • low
54
Q

FEV1/FVC in patients with restrictive disease

A
  • super normal
55
Q

super normal values of FEV1/FVC in conjunction with lower FVC indicate

A
  • reduced lung compliance

- lung is stiffer which makes it harder to fill but easier to empty

56
Q

spirometry adjusted for

A
  • age
  • race
  • height
  • sex
57
Q

peak flow

how it is measured

A
  • how fast air is coming in or out

- measured in liters/second

Respiratory Exam 1 (27 decks)

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