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Pulm > Phys- Ventilation/Lung Volumes > Flashcards

Phys- Ventilation/Lung Volumes Flashcards

1
Q

5 steps of respiration

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
  3. Transport of O2 and CO2 through pulmonary and systemic circulations via bulk flow (high to low pressure)
  4. Diffusion of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissue
  5. Cell utilization of O2 and production of CO2
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2
Q

Tidal volume:

Definition and normal value

A

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath

500 ml

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3
Q

Equation Vt

A

Vt = volume in alveoli + volume in airways

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4
Q

IRV:

Definition and normal value

A

Max volume that can be inspired in addition to tidal volume

3 L

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5
Q

ERV:

Definition and normal value

A

Max volume that can expired in addition to tidal vol

1.2 L

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6
Q

Residual volume

Definition and normal value

A

Volume in lungs after max expiration

1.2 L

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7
Q

FRC:

Definition and normal value

A

What’s left in lungs after NORMAL Vt; “equilibrium volume”

2.5 L

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8
Q

FRC equation

A

ERV + RV

1.2L + 1.2L = 2.4L

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9
Q

VC:

Definition and normal value

A

Volume expired after max inspiration

4.7 L

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10
Q

VC equation

A

IC + ERV

Vt + IRV + ERV

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11
Q

IC:

Definition and normal value

A

The maximal volume that can be inspired

3.5L

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12
Q

IC equation

A

Vt + IRV

0.5+3 = 3.5L

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13
Q

TLC:

Definition and normal value

A

All air in lungs

6 L

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14
Q

TLC equation

A

VC + RV

Vt + IRV + ERV + RV = 0.5 + 3 + 1.2 + 1.2 = 6L

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15
Q

FVC:

Definition and normal value

A

Volume of air forcibly exhaled after max inspiration

5 L

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16
Q

FVC equation

A

Vt + ERV + IRV

0.5 + 1.2 + 3 = 4.7 L

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17
Q

FEV1:

Definition and normal value

A

Volume of air forcibly expired in 1 sec

80% of FRC (2.5L), so 2L

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18
Q

Three lung volumes/capacities NOT measured by spirometry

A

RV, FRC, TLC
(RV is the air left after max expiration, so it can’t be measured. Since RV is a component of TLC and FRC, they can’t be measured either)

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19
Q

2 methods to measure RV, TLC, and FRC

A

He dilution and body plethysmography

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20
Q

FEV1/FRC > 80%

A

Restrictive lung disease (can’t get air in so FRC decreases&raquo_space; FEV1)

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21
Q

FEV1/FRC < 80%

A

Obstructive lung disease (can’t get air out, so FEV1 decreases&raquo_space; FRC)

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22
Q

What is anatomic dead space? Normal volume?

A

Conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs due to lack of alveoli; 150 ml

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23
Q

What are the conducting airways?

A

Trachea to terminal bronchioles

24
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused

25
Q

Increased alveolar dead space is always:

A

Pathologic

26
Q

What is physiologic dead space?

A

Sum of volume of anatomic and alveolar dead space

27
Q

How to estimate anatomic dead space

A

Lean weight in pounds

28
Q

When should you measure alveolar air?

A

End expiration; the air at the beginning of exhalation contains air from anatomic dead space which will have same composition as atmospheric air

29
Q

Minute ventilation equation

A

Vm = Vt * RR

30
Q

Normal Vm

A

Vm = 500 * 15 = 7500 ml/min

31
Q

Exercise Vm

A

Vm = 2000 * 20 = 40000 ml/min

32
Q

Vm at exercise:Vm at rest

A

40,000:7500 = 5.3 fold increase in Vm during exercise

33
Q

VA equation

A

VA = (Vt - Vds) * RR

34
Q

Normal VA

A

VA = (500 - 150) *15 = 5250 ml/min

35
Q

VA during exercise

A

VA = (2000 - 150) * 15 = 37,000 ml/min

36
Q

VA during exercise:VA at rest

A

37,000:5250 = 7 fold increase in VA during exercise

37
Q

Why does alveolar ventilation increase more during exercise than does minute ventilation?

A

Dead space decrease as a % of minute volume

38
Q

Which is more important for increasing alveolar ventilation: breathing rate or depth?

A

Depth (increase amount of air reaching alveoli)

39
Q

Normal pulmonary capillary blood volume

A

70 ml

40
Q

Px =

A

Px = Total pressure of mixture * % gas x in mixture

Dalton’s Law

41
Q

Pressure =

A

F/A

42
Q

Normal atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg

43
Q

PAO2=

A

ALVEOLAR GAS EQUATION!!

PAO2 = PIO2 - PACO2/R

44
Q

R =

A

Respiratory quotient

CO2 produced/O2 consumed

45
Q

Normal R value? What does this mean?

A

0.8

Changes in alveolar ventilation will affect O2 consumption more than CO2 production

46
Q

What happens to PAO2 when R decreases to 0.6?

A

Decreases

R decreased means O2 consumption increases and PACO2/R increases = decreased PAO2

47
Q

Pleural pressure of -4 = ___ mmHg

A

756

48
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

pressure and volume are inversely related

49
Q

What determines air flow into or out of lungs?

A

Transrespiratory pressure

50
Q

Ptr =

A

Ptr = Palv - Patm

51
Q

What determines the inflation of the lungs?

A

Transpulmonary pressure

52
Q

Ptp =

A

Ptp = Palv - Pip

53
Q

___ pressure is always negative because:

A

Intrapleural; the chest wall wants to spring out while the lungs want to collapse, creating a negative pressure

54
Q

How do you measure intrapleural pressure?

A

Estimated using esophageal pressure

55
Q

When is transrespiratory pressure 0?

A

After a forced expiration/when breathing has stopped

56
Q

At the end of a forced expiration, intrapleural pressure is -4. What balances this?

A

Elastic recoil of lung

Pulm (33 decks)

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