Micro - Intro Flashcards
1
Q
1st and 2nd highest incidences of RTIs
A
Pertussis
TB
2
Q
3 types of URI
A
- Otitis media/sinusitis 2. Pharyngitis 3. Rhinitis
3
Q
80% of URI caused by:
A
Viruses
4
Q
Common manifestation of viral URI
A
Ulcerated lesions/vesicles (think herpes lesion)
5
Q
Common manifestation of bacterial URI
A
Inflammatory exudates and hemorrhages
6
Q
Most common cause of otitis media/sinusitis
A
RSV
7
Q
Most common causes of bacterial otitis media/sinusitis
A
S. pneumoniae, H. flu
8
Q
Another name for rhinitis
A
Common cold
9
Q
Most common cause of RHINitis
A
RHINOvirus
10
Q
Bugs causing rhinits
A
Rhinovirus Adenovirus Coronavirus Paraflu Flu RSV
11
Q
(T/F): Bacteria rarely cause colds
A
True
12
Q
Another name for pharyngitis
A
Sore throat
13
Q
70% of pharyngitis caused by (bacteria, viruses, or fungi)
A
Viruses
14
Q
Bugs causing pharyngitis
A
Rhinovirus Adenovirus Coronovirus Paraflu Flu HSV Coxsackie GAS N. gonorrhea C. diptheriae
15
Q
Purpose of diagnosis of URI
A
Identify bacteria (negative result indicates viral agent)
16
Q
C. diptheriae can cause ____ if it gets into bloodstream
A
Acute myocarditis
17
Q
Characteristics of C. diptheriae infection
A
Severe sore throat, high fever, pseudomembrane consisting of immune cells, necrotic tissue, and bacteria
18
Q
LRIs:
A
- Laryngitis/croup 2. Bronchitis 3. Pneumonia 4. Influenza 5. TB
19
Q
90% of laryngitis caused by (bacteria, virus, fungus):
A
Virus
20
Q
Bugs causing laryngitis
A
- Adenovirus 2. Paraflu 3. Flu 4. RSV 5. H. flu 6. GAS 7. S. aureus
21
Q
Mild fever, productive cough, fatigue
A
Bronchitis
22
Q
What is another name for acute bronchitis is infants/young children? Etiology?
A
Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis
23
Q
80% of bronchitis caused by (bacteria, virus, fungus):
A
Virus
24
Q
Bugs causing bronchitis
A
Bordetella pertussis (specifically whooping cough)
H. influenza
C. pneumoniae
M. pneumoniae
Paraflu
Flu
RSV
Adenovirus
MEASLES
25
Use throat swab to test for which etiological agents of bronchitis?
B. pertussis Viral
26
Use serology to test for which etiological agents of bronchitis?
C. pneumoniae M. pneumoniae
27
Etiological agent of "walking pneumonia"?
M. pneumonia
28
Two thins unique about M. pneumoniae
Smallest organism No true cell wall
29
Mainly viral:
Otitis media/sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis Bronchitis AcutecChildhood pneumonia
30
Mainly bacterial:
Acute adult pneumonia Chronic pneumonia TB
31
Deepest LRI:
Pneumonia (alveoli, interstitium)
32
Bugs causing acute pneumonia
S. pneumoniae te Anaerobes Candida Aspergillis Paraflu Flu RSV Adenovirus Metapneumovirus
33
Bugs causing chronic pneumonia:
M. TB Histo Blasto Coccidioides Nocardia
34
Which bug might you suspect if cause of pneumonia is aspiration?
Anaerobes
35
Which virus may you suspect to cause pneumonia in the young and elderly?
RSV
36
Bugs causing pneumonia in immunocompromised pt:
K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa Anaerobes Candida Aspergillis
37
When is a pneumonia considered "atypical"?
Doesn't follow course of pneumococcal pneumonia &/or different bug than S. pneumoniae
38
G+ diplococci causing pneumonia
S. pneumoniae
39
Most common bug causing pneumonia
S. pneumoniae
40
Which etiological agent often causes secondary pneumonia?
Flu (bacterial pneumonia following viral pneumonia)
41
Since pneumonia often causes \_\_\_, one must also get ___ along with a sputum sample
Bacteremia Blood cultures
42
Detection of which two etiological agents lends the most confidence that you have the source of the pneumonia?
TB and flu (the rest can be contaminants)
43
How do you know if sputum sample collected is good or bad?
Good = lots of immune cells = came from site of infection Bad = lots of epithelial cells = came from mouth
44
(T/F): Left untreated most pneumonia is fatal
True
45
When does the highest mortality rate associated with pneumonia occur? Implication?
First few days Treat aggressively immediately
46
Fever, night sweats, hemoptysis, weight loss
Recurrent TB
47
Sx of primary TB
Usually asymptomatic
48
How often does TB recur?
10%
49
Risk factors for TB recurrence
Immunocompromised Alcoholism Malnutrition Diabetes Men \> 50 yo
50
What is consumption?
Fatal meningitis caused by untreated TB
51
4 key characteristics of TB:
1. Extremely slow growing 2. IC 3. Contains mycolic acid so doesn't gram stain 4. Bacillus (rod)
52
What stain is diagnostic for TB? What is being stained?
Acid-fast stain Mycolic acid
53
What are the disadvantages of acid-fast staining?
Low bacterial numbers Takes up to 3 weeks to grow in culture (extremely slow growing)
54
Fever, chills, myalgia, followed by rhinitis and cough
Influenza
55
Genetic characteristics of influenza virus
Segmented negative strand RNA
56
Consequence of segmental and RNA genome of influenza:
Prone to reassortment so high rate of mutation leads to variation in two antigenic surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
57
Key association between influenza and pneumonia
Influenza can cause a serious, often fatal pneumonia, which can also lead to secondary pneumonia
58
Valley fever:
Coccidioides (pneumonia in Arizona and California)
59
What are zoonoses?
Infx spread from non-human to human
60
List of zoonoses:
Hanta virus Anthrax Plaque Tularemia Q fever Brucellosis
61
Two zoonoses with vectors?
Plague (fleas) Tularemia (ticks)
62
Zoonoses common in SW US?
Plague and hanta pulmonary syndrome
63
Where is tularemia common?
Arkansas
64
Zoonoses leading to chronic infection?
Brucellosis Q fever
65
Zoonoses with systemic sx?
Tularemia Plague Anthrax
66
Respiratory disease associated with fungi?
Chronic pneumonia
67
Dx of fungal pneumonia
Dissolve animal tissue with KOH to ID specific morphology
68
Severe fungal pneumonia seen in:
Immunocompromised pt (treat aggressively at first suspicion)
69
Tx of viral RI
Symptomatic
70
Tx of influenza RI
Several Rx but amantadine has high resistance now
71
Tx of bacterial RI
Abx + diphtheria antitoxin
72
Tx of fungal RI
Azoles if healthy pt Amphotericin B if infx disseminated &/or pt is immunocompromised
73
Available vaccines
Pneumococcal pneumonia Influenza A & B H. influenza Pertussis TB (not in US) Adenovirus 4&7 (military use only) Anthrax (emergency personnel only)
74
What is adenovirus 4&7 vaccine given to military personnel?
Can cause ARDS in people in close quarters
75
What type of hemolysis?
What is the goopy-looking stuff?
Alpha (partial) hemolysis
Capsule
76
Purpose of this type of agar?
Chocolate agar plate - lyse RBC to provide Fe2+ and NAD+ to organisms
77
What is this?
H. flu = coccobacillus - G- "chubby rods"
78
What is this? Where does it live?
Legionella - found in water sources
(Really *_l_*ong rods characteristic of *_L_*egionella)
79
What organism causes this zoonotic infection?
Yersinia pestis
("chubby safety pin appearance" due to bipolar staining)
80
What is this?
Anthrax
| ("Box car appearance")
81
What is this?
*_B_*lasto
| (*_B_*udding yeasts)
82
What is this?
Histo
| ("Tuberculate macroconidia")
83
This is the etiological agent of what disease found in what region?
This is coccidio --\> Valley fever in AZ/CA
(spores that cause infection once ruptured)
84
What is this?
Aspergillus
| (A shaped)
85
What kind of infection caused by this? What stain needed to see it?
This is pneumocystis - causes opportunistic pneumonia
Silver stain
86
What is this?
Difference in A&B?
Adenovirus
A shows normal epithelial cells; B shows the cells once destroyed by adenovirus infection
87
What is this?
RSV
(SYNCITIAL virus; syncytium is a multinucleated giant cell)
88
G+ bacili
Diptheria
Anthrax
89
G+ cocci
Pneumococcus (S. pneumoniae)
90
G+ non-branching
Actinomyces (AFB -)
Nocardia (AFB +)
91
G- bacili
Legionella
Actinobacter
92
G- cocco-bacili
Francisella tularensis
Bordetella pertussis
93
RNA+ viruses
Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
94
RNA - viruses
Hantavirus
Influenza
RSV, hMPV, hPIV
95
DNA virus
Adenovirus
96
Systemic fungi
Histo
Blasto
Coccidiodomycosis
97
Opportunistic fungi
Aspergillus
Zygomycosis
Pneumocystis
98
Zoonoses
Yersinia pestis
Brucellois
Coxiella burnetti
