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Pulm > Micro - Intro > Flashcards

Micro - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

1st and 2nd highest incidences of RTIs

A

Pertussis

TB

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2
Q

3 types of URI

A
  1. Otitis media/sinusitis 2. Pharyngitis 3. Rhinitis
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3
Q

80% of URI caused by:

A

Viruses

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4
Q

Common manifestation of viral URI

A

Ulcerated lesions/vesicles (think herpes lesion)

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5
Q

Common manifestation of bacterial URI

A

Inflammatory exudates and hemorrhages

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6
Q

Most common cause of otitis media/sinusitis

A

RSV

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7
Q

Most common causes of bacterial otitis media/sinusitis

A

S. pneumoniae, H. flu

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8
Q

Another name for rhinitis

A

Common cold

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9
Q

Most common cause of RHINitis

A

RHINOvirus

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10
Q

Bugs causing rhinits

A

Rhinovirus Adenovirus Coronavirus Paraflu Flu RSV

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11
Q

(T/F): Bacteria rarely cause colds

A

True

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12
Q

Another name for pharyngitis

A

Sore throat

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13
Q

70% of pharyngitis caused by (bacteria, viruses, or fungi)

A

Viruses

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14
Q

Bugs causing pharyngitis

A

Rhinovirus Adenovirus Coronovirus Paraflu Flu HSV Coxsackie GAS N. gonorrhea C. diptheriae

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15
Q

Purpose of diagnosis of URI

A

Identify bacteria (negative result indicates viral agent)

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16
Q

C. diptheriae can cause ____ if it gets into bloodstream

A

Acute myocarditis

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17
Q

Characteristics of C. diptheriae infection

A

Severe sore throat, high fever, pseudomembrane consisting of immune cells, necrotic tissue, and bacteria

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18
Q

LRIs:

A
  1. Laryngitis/croup 2. Bronchitis 3. Pneumonia 4. Influenza 5. TB
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19
Q

90% of laryngitis caused by (bacteria, virus, fungus):

A

Virus

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20
Q

Bugs causing laryngitis

A
  1. Adenovirus 2. Paraflu 3. Flu 4. RSV 5. H. flu 6. GAS 7. S. aureus
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21
Q

Mild fever, productive cough, fatigue

A

Bronchitis

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22
Q

What is another name for acute bronchitis is infants/young children? Etiology?

A

Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis

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23
Q

80% of bronchitis caused by (bacteria, virus, fungus):

A

Virus

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24
Q

Bugs causing bronchitis

A

Bordetella pertussis (specifically whooping cough)

H. influenza

C. pneumoniae

M. pneumoniae

Paraflu

Flu

RSV

Adenovirus

MEASLES

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25
Q

Use throat swab to test for which etiological agents of bronchitis?

A

B. pertussis Viral

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26
Q

Use serology to test for which etiological agents of bronchitis?

A

C. pneumoniae M. pneumoniae

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27
Q

Etiological agent of “walking pneumonia”?

A

M. pneumonia

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28
Q

Two thins unique about M. pneumoniae

A

Smallest organism No true cell wall

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29
Q

Mainly viral:

A

Otitis media/sinusitis Rhinitis Pharyngitis Laryngitis Bronchitis AcutecChildhood pneumonia

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30
Q

Mainly bacterial:

A

Acute adult pneumonia Chronic pneumonia TB

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31
Q

Deepest LRI:

A

Pneumonia (alveoli, interstitium)

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32
Q

Bugs causing acute pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae te Anaerobes Candida Aspergillis Paraflu Flu RSV Adenovirus Metapneumovirus

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33
Q

Bugs causing chronic pneumonia:

A

M. TB Histo Blasto Coccidioides Nocardia

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34
Q

Which bug might you suspect if cause of pneumonia is aspiration?

A

Anaerobes

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35
Q

Which virus may you suspect to cause pneumonia in the young and elderly?

A

RSV

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36
Q

Bugs causing pneumonia in immunocompromised pt:

A

K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa Anaerobes Candida Aspergillis

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37
Q

When is a pneumonia considered “atypical”?

A

Doesn’t follow course of pneumococcal pneumonia &/or different bug than S. pneumoniae

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38
Q

G+ diplococci causing pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae

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39
Q

Most common bug causing pneumonia

A

S. pneumoniae

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40
Q

Which etiological agent often causes secondary pneumonia?

A

Flu (bacterial pneumonia following viral pneumonia)

41
Q

Since pneumonia often causes ___, one must also get ___ along with a sputum sample

A

Bacteremia Blood cultures

42
Q

Detection of which two etiological agents lends the most confidence that you have the source of the pneumonia?

A

TB and flu (the rest can be contaminants)

43
Q

How do you know if sputum sample collected is good or bad?

A

Good = lots of immune cells = came from site of infection Bad = lots of epithelial cells = came from mouth

44
Q

(T/F): Left untreated most pneumonia is fatal

45
Q

When does the highest mortality rate associated with pneumonia occur? Implication?

A

First few days Treat aggressively immediately

46
Q

Fever, night sweats, hemoptysis, weight loss

A

Recurrent TB

47
Q

Sx of primary TB

A

Usually asymptomatic

48
Q

How often does TB recur?

49
Q

Risk factors for TB recurrence

A

Immunocompromised Alcoholism Malnutrition Diabetes Men > 50 yo

50
Q

What is consumption?

A

Fatal meningitis caused by untreated TB

51
Q

4 key characteristics of TB:

A
  1. Extremely slow growing 2. IC 3. Contains mycolic acid so doesn’t gram stain 4. Bacillus (rod)
52
Q

What stain is diagnostic for TB? What is being stained?

A

Acid-fast stain Mycolic acid

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of acid-fast staining?

A

Low bacterial numbers Takes up to 3 weeks to grow in culture (extremely slow growing)

54
Q

Fever, chills, myalgia, followed by rhinitis and cough

55
Q

Genetic characteristics of influenza virus

A

Segmented negative strand RNA

56
Q

Consequence of segmental and RNA genome of influenza:

A

Prone to reassortment so high rate of mutation leads to variation in two antigenic surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

57
Q

Key association between influenza and pneumonia

A

Influenza can cause a serious, often fatal pneumonia, which can also lead to secondary pneumonia

58
Q

Valley fever:

A

Coccidioides (pneumonia in Arizona and California)

59
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Infx spread from non-human to human

60
Q

List of zoonoses:

A

Hanta virus Anthrax Plaque Tularemia Q fever Brucellosis

61
Q

Two zoonoses with vectors?

A

Plague (fleas) Tularemia (ticks)

62
Q

Zoonoses common in SW US?

A

Plague and hanta pulmonary syndrome

63
Q

Where is tularemia common?

64
Q

Zoonoses leading to chronic infection?

A

Brucellosis Q fever

65
Q

Zoonoses with systemic sx?

A

Tularemia Plague Anthrax

66
Q

Respiratory disease associated with fungi?

A

Chronic pneumonia

67
Q

Dx of fungal pneumonia

A

Dissolve animal tissue with KOH to ID specific morphology

68
Q

Severe fungal pneumonia seen in:

A

Immunocompromised pt (treat aggressively at first suspicion)

69
Q

Tx of viral RI

A

Symptomatic

70
Q

Tx of influenza RI

A

Several Rx but amantadine has high resistance now

71
Q

Tx of bacterial RI

A

Abx + diphtheria antitoxin

72
Q

Tx of fungal RI

A

Azoles if healthy pt Amphotericin B if infx disseminated &/or pt is immunocompromised

73
Q

Available vaccines

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia Influenza A & B H. influenza Pertussis TB (not in US) Adenovirus 4&7 (military use only) Anthrax (emergency personnel only)

74
Q

What is adenovirus 4&7 vaccine given to military personnel?

A

Can cause ARDS in people in close quarters

75
Q

What type of hemolysis?

What is the goopy-looking stuff?

A

Alpha (partial) hemolysis

Capsule

76
Q

Purpose of this type of agar?

A

Chocolate agar plate - lyse RBC to provide Fe2+ and NAD+ to organisms

77
Q

What is this?

A

H. flu = coccobacillus - G- “chubby rods”

78
Q

What is this? Where does it live?

A

Legionella - found in water sources

(Really long rods characteristic of Legionella)

79
Q

What organism causes this zoonotic infection?

A

Yersinia pestis

(“chubby safety pin appearance” due to bipolar staining)

80
Q

What is this?

A

Anthrax

(“Box car appearance”)

81
Q

What is this?

A

Blasto

(Budding yeasts)

82
Q

What is this?

A

Histo

(“Tuberculate macroconidia”)

83
Q

This is the etiological agent of what disease found in what region?

A

This is coccidio –> Valley fever in AZ/CA

(spores that cause infection once ruptured)

84
Q

What is this?

A

Aspergillus

(A shaped)

85
Q

What kind of infection caused by this? What stain needed to see it?

A

This is pneumocystis - causes opportunistic pneumonia

Silver stain

86
Q

What is this?

Difference in A&B?

A

Adenovirus

A shows normal epithelial cells; B shows the cells once destroyed by adenovirus infection

87
Q

What is this?

A

RSV

(SYNCITIAL virus; syncytium is a multinucleated giant cell)

88
Q

G+ bacili

A

Diptheria

Anthrax

89
Q

G+ cocci

A

Pneumococcus (S. pneumoniae)

90
Q

G+ non-branching

A

Actinomyces (AFB -)

Nocardia (AFB +)

91
Q

G- bacili

A

Legionella

Actinobacter

92
Q

G- cocco-bacili

A

Francisella tularensis

Bordetella pertussis

93
Q

RNA+ viruses

A

Rhinovirus

Coronavirus

94
Q

RNA - viruses

A

Hantavirus

Influenza

RSV, hMPV, hPIV

95
Q

DNA virus

A

Adenovirus

96
Q

Systemic fungi

A

Histo

Blasto

Coccidiodomycosis

97
Q

Opportunistic fungi

A

Aspergillus

Zygomycosis

Pneumocystis

98
Q

Zoonoses

A

Yersinia pestis

Brucellois

Coxiella burnetti

Pulm (33 decks)

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