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Neuro Test 3 > PHYS: Auditory + Vestibular > Flashcards

PHYS: Auditory + Vestibular Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound?

A

Oscillations of air pressure that vary rapidly w/ time

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2
Q

What has a lot of potassium in it?

A

Endolymph

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3
Q

At which ends of cohclear hair cells do endolymph + perilymph bathe in?

A

Endolymph = apical end (high in K+) – ICF

Perilymph = basal end (low in K+) – ECF

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4
Q

Where are endolymph + perilymph found?

A

endolymph = scala media

perilymph = scala vestibuli + scala tympani

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5
Q

With high frequences, where along the basilar membrane does it move the most?

A

The base

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6
Q

The Organ of Corti contains hair cells, which act as __________ to convert mechanical signals to electrical signals.

A

Mechanoreceptors

*hair cells = NOT NEURONAL

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7
Q

Which side of a hair cell has stereocilia?

A

Apical

*neuronal synapse = basal side

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8
Q

When the hair cells are deflected from vibrations, what enters the cell to depolarize it?

A

K+ through TRPA1 ion channel

This creates a large electrochemical gradient w/ large endolymphatic potential

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9
Q

Once, the hair cell is depolarized what happens?

A

Voltage-gated Ca+ channels open, incomming calcium leads to the relase of excitatory glutamate neurotransmitter, which generates an action potential in CN 8 spiral gangalion.

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10
Q

Since all the stereocilia are linked together, if there is deflection toward the tall stereocilia what happens?

A

Excitation

*deflection towards short = inhibition (hyperpolarization)

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11
Q

What is the function of the stria vascularis?

A

Maintains electrochemical properties of endolymph

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12
Q

What is the function of the one row of inner hair cells?

A

Auditory Information (main source)

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13
Q

What is the function of the 3 rows of outer hair cells?

A

Act as an amplifier

Contractile

Boost vibrations of basilar membrane

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14
Q

Where are hair cells located?

A

On basilar membrane

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15
Q

What do the hair cells recieve afferent + efferent innervation from?

A

Afferent = spiral ganglia

efferent = superior olivary complex

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16
Q

Describe the innervation of inner hair cells?

A

Type 1 afferents

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17
Q

Describe the innervation of outer hair cells?

A

BOTH

Type 2 afferents

+

efferents

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18
Q

Memorize how sound is transmitted

A
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19
Q

The cochlear nuclear complex has a dorsal + ventral nuclei, what are their functions?

A

dorsal cochlear nuclei (DCN) = localizes sound (blends sound w/ somatosensory)

ventral cochlear nuclei (VCN) = nature of the sound (high, low)

20
Q

What is the first site in the brainstem where information from both ears converge?

A

Superior olivary complex

21
Q

The superior olivary complex is important in:

A

Localizing sound

22
Q

Which superior olivary complex generates a map of the interaural TIME differences of sound arrival to ears (to localize sound)?

A

MSO

(medial = main)

*they see which ear has sound that gets to MSO first, that way you know which direction it came from

23
Q

What does the LSO do?

A

Generates a map of the interaural INTENSITY differences

24
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A

It suppresses echoes –> which would interfere with sound localization

Makes a spatial map of sound

25
Q

What does the superior colliculus do?

A

Takes the location data from the IC and adds vertical height –> which creates a spatial map of the sounds location

*SC + IC work together

26
Q

What is the medial geniculate nucleus used for in the sound pathway?

A

It is literally just a relay station

27
Q

What is essential for conscious perception of sound (beginning to interpret a sound)?

A

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

28
Q

What 3 things comprise the efferent input to the auditory system?

A
  1. Olivocochlear efferents
  2. Middle ear muscle motor neurons
  3. Autonomic innervation of the inner ear
29
Q

What does the auditory (secondary) association cortex (A2) do?

A

This has Brocas + Wernickes

It responds to more complex sounds (music) + naming a sound + speech

30
Q

What efferent protects hair cells from damage to intense sounds?

A

Olivocochlear efferents

They reduce the response to noise

31
Q

The middle ear efferents connect to the tiny muscles in the ear (tensor tympani) + (stapes) and contract them to decrease the transmission of sound. Therefore, their function is to:

A

Prevent ear damage

32
Q

What are otoacoustic emissions?

A

Make the ear emit sound!

Tested in a newborn hearing screen

33
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Damage to hair cells/nerve fibers

Might be restored w/ a cochlear prosthesis

34
Q

What stimulates angular acceleration?

A

Motion w/ rotation

Spinning + turning

Falling forward/backward

35
Q

What stimulates linear acceleration?

A

Motion in a horizontal or vertical plane:

  • moving along a line
  • jumping
  • walking
36
Q

What activates semicurcular canals?

A

Rotational acceleration

37
Q

What activates the utricle?

A

Linear acceleration (forward/backward)

38
Q

What activates the saccule?

A

Linear acceleration up/down

*sac a hoop

39
Q

What best detects rotation in the horizontal plane?

A

Horizontal semicircular canal

40
Q

Falling backwards is best detected by?

A

Posterior semicircular canal

41
Q

Falling forwards is best detected by:

A

Anterior semicircular canal

42
Q

If we are falling what reflex kicks in?

A

A reflex that is designed to keep our eyes on the horizon.

43
Q

If you are spinning which muscle is activated?

A

Medial rectus

(lateral = inhibited)

44
Q

If you are falling backwards which muscle is activated/inhibited?

A

superior oblique = activated

inf. oblique = inhibited

*eyes move down to stay on horizon

45
Q

When you fall forward which muscles are activated/inhibited?

A

Sup. rectus = activated (look up towards horizon)

Inf. rectus = inhibited

46
Q

What fluid is found within the vestibular apparatus?

A

Endolymph

(the fluids work inside semicircular canals as pressure gradients)

47
Q
A

Neuro Test 3 (18 decks)

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