PHYS 4 Pregnancy, Parturition, and Lactation Flashcards
the mature placenta
composed of 3 major structures?
functional unit of placenta?
what arteries supply what space? drain?
placenta is the major ___ between ____ and _____
acts as the fetal (4)?
maternal blood flow
blood enters in what manner? through? moves into?
trapped where?
blood bathes what? after maternal blood drains where?
Capillaries?
factors regulating maternal blood flow
principal factors: 3
uterine contractions affect how?
fetal blood flow
originates where? carry what type of blood?
comes back in?
two amniotic fluid functions? (one with circulation)
what moves across placenta?
PO2 in the intervillous space?
mechanisms of ensuring adequate fetal oxygenation
why doesnt fetus suffer from the relatively lower Po2 of maternal blood in intervillous space?
other mechanisms?
movement across the placenta
waste products urea and creatine?
lipid-soluble hormones?
glucose?
aa?
vitamins and minerals?
LDL, trasferrin, ab?
endocrine function of the placenta?
what produces steroids and protein hormones?
functions include?
what main 4 will it make?
hCG
hPL
progesterone
estradiol
first hormone produced by syncytiotrophoblasts?
composed of what subunits? preg test look for?
binds with high affinity to?
half-life?
accumulate wehre? detectable when? hCG levels? peak when?
primary action is to?
morning sickness?
hPL
produced in? structurally similar to? can be detected when? where? levels throughout?
actions?
antagonistic to? contributing to?
this causes?
progesterone
what produces a high amount? which is required to maintain? released primarily where?
regulation?
throughout pregnancy?
estrogen
produced by?
DHEAS released from? converted by?
production dependent on? major estrogen in pregnancy? so can be used to?
functions?
one function involved in parturition?
progesterone biosynthesis by syncytiotrophoblast
synchronization of the human menstrual cycle with fertilization and early embryogenesis
just before ovulation the ovary is in what stage? and produces? what does this do/cause?
events between fert and implant take how long to complete? implantation occurs at day?
ovary is in what phase at this point? and secretes?
synchronization of the human menstrual cycle with fertilization and early embryogenesis
continuation
progesterone stims? what type of nutrition? how long is this important?
progesterone inhibits?
synchronization of the human menstrual cycle with fertilization and early embryogenesis
continue 3
progesterone induces __________ in uterine endometrium? which exists from?
this phase is associated with?
synchronization of the human menstrual cycle with fertilization and early embryogenesis
continue final
during implantation endometrium is?
uterine endometrium and vasucular?
spiral arteries? blood supply adjacent to surface epi important in?
endo blood supply important for delivery of?
during pregnancy what rise to levels that are substantially higher than peaks in a normal cycle?
this is necessary for?
progesterone in particular?
elevated levels of progesterone and estrogen are achieved by? (pregnancy)
2
maternal-placental-fetal unit
after 8 weeks of gestation this unit does what?
placenta needs what?
maternal-placental-fetal unit part 2
placenta is an imperfect endocrine organ
how so?
overcome this limit in 2 ways?
maternal-placental-fetal unit part 3
fetus does not synthesize estrogens without assistance due to?
this is good because?
fetus avoids exposure to dangerously high levels of hormones
avoids this due to? placenta is?
what greatly reduces steroid intermediate bio activity?
this is removed wheN?
maternal response to pregnancy
What increases maternally? (2)
BV- starts when? rapid when? plateau? this is mediated by?
maternal response to pregnancy
2 increase?
increased blood volume increases what?
what about mean arterial pressure? why?
CO- increases most when? reflects increases in?
maternal response to pregnancy 3
increased progesterone increase what as well?
changes to what other system?
parturition
uterus during pregnancy what promote this?
birth process
how long after fert? after mentrual period?
obstetric def of labor?
how long contractiosn last? what factors?
once labor initiated sustained by?
stages of labor
4?
physio change in?
fetal station?
presenting part?
ischial spines?
0 station?
- numbers?
increased uterine excitability?
end of pregnancy uterus becomes?
categories of effects lead up to intense contractions? 2
hormonal factors initiating parturition?
4?
e- does what during parturition? 7th month? stims synthesis of?
estrogen
prostaglandins
Oxytocin
relaxin
some hormonal factors initiating parturition
P- do what? synthesis is stimulated by? role in enhancing?
what stims production?
some hormonal factors initiating parturition
O- what increases # of receptors? where?
uterus insensitive until? then?
this means what? what is the uterus susceptible to throughout pregnancy?
some hormonal factors initiating parturition
O- function?
released in response to? (named)
not thought to be a part of? what is?
some hormonal factors initiating parturition
O- also binds receptors where?
stimulating?
this helps synergistic role in what stage of labor? how?
some hormonal factors initiating parturition
O- after fetus is expelled? what happens? where?
what stage?
cesarean? why?
some hormonal factors initiating parturition
R- produced by?
does what?
increase when? this does what?
effect of fetal hormones on the uterus
fetal pituitary?
fetal adrenals?
fetal placental membranes?
