phylogenetic reconstruction

Question 1

what are phylogenetic trees?

Answer 1

show evolutionary relationships between species

Question 2

what is toplogy of a tree?

Answer 2

the branching patterns

Question 3

what two things do trees consist of?

Answer 3

branches and nodes

Question 4

what are nodes?

Answer 4

end of branches

Question 5

what two types of nodes are there?

Answer 5

internal and external

Question 6

what is the root of a tree?

Answer 6

earliest/ first lineage of divergence

Question 7

what is a bifurcation?

Answer 7

internal node with exactly 2 daughter branches

Question 8

what is a polytomy?

Answer 8

internal node with more than 2 daughter branches

Question 9

what is systematics?

Answer 9

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationship

Question 10

what is a binomial?

Answer 10

two part name for a species

Question 11

what are the 8 taxonomic groups?

Answer 11

species genus family order class phylum kingdom and domain

Question 12

how are systematics and phylogeny linked?

Answer 12

they can differ but systematics have a system that recognises only grpoups with common ancestor

Question 13

what is a clade?

Answer 13

monophyletic group that includes an ancestral specie and all decendants

Question 14

what are polyohletic groups?

Answer 14

distinguished from paraphletic groups by fact they do not include most recent common ancestor

Question 15

what is the newick format?

Answer 15

(fishes,(frogs,(lizards,(chimps, humans))))

Question 16

what is max parisomy?

Answer 16

trees are scored with minumum number of evolutionary changes they imply. i.e. tree that implies smallest number of changes

Question 17

what is likelihood?

Answer 17

probability of data assuming the hypothesis