Phyla of Ocean Life

Question 1

Sponges (Phylum Porifera)can reproduce sexually and asexually. What is the photo below and what type of reproduction is it?

Answer 1

Gemmules, asexually (budding). Similar to spores in that they can survive very extreme environments.

Question 2

In sponges, an oculum is ______.

Answer 2

A single, large body opening at the top for water and wastes to be expelled.

Question 3

In sponges, flagellated cells line the body cavity. What are these called?

Answer 3

Choanocytes OR collar cells

Question 4

The body cavity of a sponge is called a _____.

Answer 4

Spongocoel

Question 5

In some sponges, spicules are present.What are spicules and what are compounds are they made of?

Answer 5

Star or spike-like structural elements made of calicum carbonate or silica.

Question 6

Nematocysts are ____________.

Answer 6

Stinging cells containing toxins,used to hunt and defend in Cnidarians

Question 7

Identify the phylum below.

Answer 7

Phylum Cnidaria(Called a planula - larval stage of life cycle)

Question 8

Identify the organism below and classify it.

Answer 8

Diatom (Phylum Heterokontophyta, Class Bacillariophyceae)

Question 9

Identify the organism below and classify it.

Answer 9

Dinoflagellate (Phylum Dinoflagellata)

Question 10

What are zooanthellae?

Answer 10

Zooanthellae are single-celled protists (a non-mobile form of dinoflagellate) that live in symbiosis with some marine invertebrates, including coral. Most are in the genusSymbiodinium.

Question 11

A fish that is born in fresh water, goes to open ocean, and returns to fresh water to spawn is called what? Examples?

Answer 11

AnadromousSalmon, smelt, sturgeon, striped bass.

Question 12

A fish that is born in open ocean, lives in fresh water, and returns to the open oceanto spawn is called what? Examples?

Answer 12

CatadromousEels.

Question 13

Lecithotrophic means what? Give examples of lecithotrophic larvae.

Answer 13

Larvae with a yolk as a source of nutrition. These usually can be dispersed longer distances than “crawl-away” larvae.Tunicates, most fish, and some invertebrates like corals.

Question 14

Jawless fishare in what superclass? Examples?

Answer 14

AgnathaHagfish and Lampreys.

Question 15

Bony fish are in what superclass?

Answer 15

Osteichthyes.Literally any fish you can think of.

Question 16

Cartilagenous fish are in what superclass?

Answer 16

ChondrichthyesSharks and rays.

Question 17

A class of Osteichthyes, this class is distinguished by lobed fins.

Answer 17

Class Sarcopterygii

Question 18

This fish has only two extant species in the world, and is one of the few remaining members of class Sarcopterygii, the other being the lungfish.

Answer 18

Coelacanth

Question 19

Which class are the ray-finned fish?

Answer 19

Actinopterygii

Question 20

Whales belong to which order? What are the two sub-orders of whales?

Answer 20

CetaceaOdontoceti - toothed whalesMysteceti - baleen whales

Question 21

Stony corals are in what order?

Answer 21

Scleractinia

Question 22

Jellyfish (classScyphozoa) are distinguished from corals (classAnthozoa) in what manner?

Answer 22

Anthozoansdo not not have a medusa stage; their planulas attach to a rock, where they live as a sessile organism exclusively.Scyphozoans live mostly as a medusa.

Question 23

The reworking of soil and sediments by animals or plants is called what?

Answer 23

Bioturbidation

Question 24

One of the most important bioturbidators on coral reefs are _________.

Answer 24

Sea cucumbers.(They can move up to 4600 kg of sediment, dry weight per year.)

Question 25

Marine birds adapt to the sea in many ways. What are some examples?

Answer 25

Water-resistant feathers (oils from preening glands); salt glands; curved bills; webbed feet.

Question 26

Sea lions, fur seals, seals, and walruses are all in the group _____.

Answer 26

Pinnipeds (unranked clade)

Question 27

Sirenians include which two organisms?

Answer 27

Dugongs (Family Dugongidae)and manatees (FamilyTrichechidae).

Question 28

Testudinesinclude what organisms?

Answer 28

Turtles, terrapins, and tortoises.

Question 29

Stromatolites are mostly extinct, except for populations in extreme environments. Where is the most famous population of living stromatolites, and when were they discovered?

Answer 29

Shark Bay, Australia; 1956.