Marine Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Shark Scales

A

Dermal Denticles

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2
Q

Uses of bioluminescence in organisms

A
  1. Counter luminescence (like countershading)
  2. Scare predators
  3. Communication
  4. Attract a mate
  5. Attract larger animals to eat predators
  6. Lure prey
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3
Q

Name two organisms that DIRECTLY produce bioluminescence

A
  1. Algae
  2. Bacteria
  3. Some larger fish
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4
Q

How do some larger organisms bioluminesce?

A
  1. They capture luminescent bacteria in a “light organ” called a photophore
  2. directly produce light with a mitochondrial cell called a photocyte
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5
Q

What percent of bathypelagic (1,000-3,000 m) fish bioluminesce?

A

About 75%

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6
Q

Name all of the fins on a fish and if they are paired or not

A
Pectoral (paired)
Pelvic (paired)
Anal (not paired)
Caudal (not paired)
Adipose (not paired)
Dorsal
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7
Q

Name the structure of the shark that holds a shark’s mate while they do the sexy thing (males only)

A

Claspers

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8
Q

Structure in the shark intestine that increases surface area

A

Spiral valve

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9
Q

Define peduncle

A

Structure that attaches a fish’s tail fin

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10
Q

What do echinoderms use to move?

A

Water vascular system

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11
Q

What is a shark’s oily liver used for?

A

Buoyancy control

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12
Q

Types of fish tail fins

A
Heterocercal (asymmetric, sharks)
Forked
Lunate (cruisers) 
Emarginate 
Truncate
Rounded (reef fish)
Pointed
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13
Q

Types of fish body shapes

A
Depressiform (flat)
Filiform (snake like)
Fusiform (tuna)
Compressiform (tall and flat)
Sagittiform (small head, long body)
Taeniform (ribbon)
Globiform (round)
Anguilliform (long and round)
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14
Q

Types of fish scales

A
Ganoid (primitive)
Placoid (teeth like)
Cycloid (thin, round, common)
Ctenoid (cycloid with combs)
Cosmoid 
Scaleless
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15
Q

Name of the zones of a coral reef from the shore to the ocean

A

Reef flat sone (lagoon or back)
Reef crest (algal ridge)
Fore-reef (buttress zone)
Deep fore-reef wall

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16
Q

What is the body covering on Arthropoda called?

A

Carapace

17
Q

What are swimmerets?

A

Small leggies on shrimp and lobster tails

18
Q

What is the madreporite

A

Where water is pulled in for echinoderms to fuel the water vascular system

19
Q

Pedicellaria

A

Pinchers on sea star arms to remove algae and keep the gills clean

20
Q

What kinds of reproduction do shark’s display?

A

Internal fertilization with:
Viviparity (live birth with placenta)
Oviparity (eggs)
Ovoviviparity (live birth w/o placenta)

21
Q

What is a whale pump?

A

When a whale brings nitrogen and other nutrients from depths to the surface

22
Q

What are Bryozoans?

A

Groups of individual lophophorates that form sea mats on oceanic surfaces

23
Q

3 parts of a cephalopod arm

A

Stalk, manus, dactylus

24
Q

What phylum are barnacles?

A

Arthropoda

25
Q

What phylum are sea squirts (tunicates) and lancelets?

A

Chordata

26
Q

What gives hag fish the nickname slime eel or snot eel?

A

The ability to make bucketloads of mucus in seconds

27
Q

Chimeras have an extra set of claspers. Where are they?

A

Ok their heads

28
Q

What are the 3 main types of spiny rayed fish?

A

Mullets, sand smelt, perches

29
Q

What is the combines pancreas and liver in bony fish called?

A

Hepatopancreas

30
Q

What is the most abundant marine reptile?

A

Sea snake

31
Q

How many species of truly marine sea turtles are left?

A

8

32
Q

What is unique about dugong bones?

A

They are solid and have no marrow

33
Q

What is one way to determine whale species from the surface?

A

The shape of their blow

34
Q

What species of whale migrates the farthest?

A

Grey

35
Q

Where are most whale feeding grounds?

A

Polar regions

36
Q

Where are most whale breeding grounds?

A

Tropical areas

37
Q

What percent of bird species are considered seabirds?

A

3%

38
Q

How do albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels regulate salt?

A

A gland in their nose expels salt

39
Q

What pigment is used to absorb oxygen in deep sea tube worms?

A

Hemoglobin