Marine Biology Flashcards
Shark Scales
Dermal Denticles
Uses of bioluminescence in organisms
- Counter luminescence (like countershading)
- Scare predators
- Communication
- Attract a mate
- Attract larger animals to eat predators
- Lure prey
Name two organisms that DIRECTLY produce bioluminescence
- Algae
- Bacteria
- Some larger fish
How do some larger organisms bioluminesce?
- They capture luminescent bacteria in a “light organ” called a photophore
- directly produce light with a mitochondrial cell called a photocyte
What percent of bathypelagic (1,000-3,000 m) fish bioluminesce?
About 75%
Name all of the fins on a fish and if they are paired or not
Pectoral (paired) Pelvic (paired) Anal (not paired) Caudal (not paired) Adipose (not paired) Dorsal
Name the structure of the shark that holds a shark’s mate while they do the sexy thing (males only)
Claspers
Structure in the shark intestine that increases surface area
Spiral valve
Define peduncle
Structure that attaches a fish’s tail fin
What do echinoderms use to move?
Water vascular system
What is a shark’s oily liver used for?
Buoyancy control
Types of fish tail fins
Heterocercal (asymmetric, sharks) Forked Lunate (cruisers) Emarginate Truncate Rounded (reef fish) Pointed
Types of fish body shapes
Depressiform (flat) Filiform (snake like) Fusiform (tuna) Compressiform (tall and flat) Sagittiform (small head, long body) Taeniform (ribbon) Globiform (round) Anguilliform (long and round)
Types of fish scales
Ganoid (primitive) Placoid (teeth like) Cycloid (thin, round, common) Ctenoid (cycloid with combs) Cosmoid Scaleless
Name of the zones of a coral reef from the shore to the ocean
Reef flat sone (lagoon or back)
Reef crest (algal ridge)
Fore-reef (buttress zone)
Deep fore-reef wall
What is the body covering on Arthropoda called?
Carapace
What are swimmerets?
Small leggies on shrimp and lobster tails
What is the madreporite
Where water is pulled in for echinoderms to fuel the water vascular system
Pedicellaria
Pinchers on sea star arms to remove algae and keep the gills clean
What kinds of reproduction do shark’s display?
Internal fertilization with:
Viviparity (live birth with placenta)
Oviparity (eggs)
Ovoviviparity (live birth w/o placenta)
What is a whale pump?
When a whale brings nitrogen and other nutrients from depths to the surface
What are Bryozoans?
Groups of individual lophophorates that form sea mats on oceanic surfaces
3 parts of a cephalopod arm
Stalk, manus, dactylus
What phylum are barnacles?
Arthropoda
What phylum are sea squirts (tunicates) and lancelets?
Chordata
What gives hag fish the nickname slime eel or snot eel?
The ability to make bucketloads of mucus in seconds
Chimeras have an extra set of claspers. Where are they?
Ok their heads
What are the 3 main types of spiny rayed fish?
Mullets, sand smelt, perches
What is the combines pancreas and liver in bony fish called?
Hepatopancreas
What is the most abundant marine reptile?
Sea snake
How many species of truly marine sea turtles are left?
8
What is unique about dugong bones?
They are solid and have no marrow
What is one way to determine whale species from the surface?
The shape of their blow
What species of whale migrates the farthest?
Grey
Where are most whale feeding grounds?
Polar regions
Where are most whale breeding grounds?
Tropical areas
What percent of bird species are considered seabirds?
3%
How do albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels regulate salt?
A gland in their nose expels salt
What pigment is used to absorb oxygen in deep sea tube worms?
Hemoglobin
