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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Photosynthesis and Respiration-Topic 5A > Flashcards

Photosynthesis and Respiration-Topic 5A Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 2 types of respiration

A

Aerobic (requires oxygen) and Anaerobic (doesn’t require oxygen)

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2
Q

Which type of respiration produces less ATP?

A

Anaerobic

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3
Q

What does Glycolysis involve?

A

Splitting 1 molecule of glucose (6C) into 2 smaller molecules of pyruvate (3C)

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4
Q

Where does Glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytoplasm of cells.

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5
Q

Glycolysis is the …. stage of both ….. and ….. respiration.

A

Glycolysis is the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

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6
Q

Does Glycolysis require oxygen to take place?

A

No therefore it’s an anaerobic process.

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7
Q

Name the 2 main stages in Glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphorylation

2. Oxidation

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8
Q

What is ATP used for in Glycolysis?

A

To phosphorylate glucose to triose phosphate.

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9
Q

What happens once triose phosphate has been formed during the calvin cycle

A

It is then oxidised which releases ATP .

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10
Q

What is the net gain in Glycolysis?

A

2 reduced NAD and 2 ATP

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11
Q

When triose phosphate is oxidised it …… .. ……

A

When triose phosphate is oxidised it loses 2 Hydrogen.

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12
Q

In Anaerobic respiration what is Pyruvate converted to using reduced NAD?

A

Ethanol ( plants/yeast) or Lactate ( animals/ some bacteria)

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13
Q

What does decarboxylation mean?

A

Carbon atom removed in the form of CO2

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14
Q

What does the Link reaction do?

A

Converts pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A

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15
Q

List the stages of the Link reaction

A
  1. Pyruvate decarboxylated
  2. Pyruvate oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced to REDUCED NAD
  3. Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A.
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16
Q

Is ATP produced in the Link Reaction?

A

No!

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17
Q

How many times does the Link reaction occur for every glucose molecule?

A

Twice

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18
Q

What does the Krebs cycle produce?

A

Reduced Coenzymes and ATP.

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19
Q

Within the Krebs Cycle what is occurring when the Hydrogen is removed?

A

Dehydrogenation

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20
Q

What is ATP produced by?

A

The direct transfer of a phosphate from an intermediate, to ADP.

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21
Q

What is it called when a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to the other?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation.

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22
Q

What does Oxidative Phosphorylation do?

A

Produces lots of ATP

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23
Q

What is the process of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The energy carried by electrons, from reduced coenzymes is used to make ATP.

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24
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation involve?

A

The electron transfer chain and chemiosmosis.

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25
Q

What is produced by the Link Reaction?

A

2 x CO2
2 x reduced NAD
2 x Acetyl coenzyme A

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26
Q

What happens if during Oxidative Phosphorylation, there isn’t any oxygen present?

A

It cannot accept electrons therefore no more ATP can be produced as the electron transfer chain stops running.

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27
Q

Where does the light-independent reaction occur?

A

In the stroma of chloroplasts

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28
Q

What is photolysis?

A

Photolysis is the splitting of water with light

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29
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

A reaction in which light energy is used to produce glucose in plants

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30
Q

What is the rate of photosynthesis determined by?

A

The CO2 concentration, light intensity as well as temperature.

31
Q

How are chloroplasts adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Contain DNA + ribosomes for synthesis of proteins needed for LDR.
Stacks of thylakoid membranes called grna = large SA for attachment of electrons,enzymes and chlorophyll.

32
Q

Where does the energy come from for photosynthesis

A

Energy stored as chemical energy in phosphate bond of ATP ( released when hydrolysed to ADP )

33
Q

What does chlorophyll do and where can it be found?

A

Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis. Found in thylakoid membranes.

34
Q

What is stroma and where can it be found?

A

Within the inner membrane, a gel-like substance containing enzymes, sugars and organic acids.

35
Q

Name the 2 stages that Photosynthesis can be split into

A

LDR AND LIR (Calvin cycle)

36
Q

The energy resulting from the photoionisation of chlorophyll is used for what 3 things?

A

Making ATP from ADP and Pi (photophosphorylation)
Making reduced NADP from NADP
Splitting water into protons, electrons and oxygen (photolysis)

37
Q

Name the structures that can be found within a chloroplast

A 
Lamella
Grana
Stroma
Thylakoid
Thylakoid membrane (chlorophyll inside) 
Inner/outer membrane 
starch grain
38
Q

Name the structures that can be found within a chloroplast

A 
Lamella (links grana together)
Grana
Stroma
Thylakoid
Thylakoid membrane (chlorophyll inside) 
Inner/outer membrane 
starch grain
39
Q

Where does the LDR take place?

A

Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

40
Q

What does the process of electrons flowing down the transport chain do?

A

Creates a proton gradient across the membrane. (This whole process is also called chemiosmosis)

41
Q

The calvin cycle relies on products from ….. …..-….. …..

A

the light-dependent reaction

42
Q

Where does the calvin cycle take place?

A

Stroma

43
Q

Describe how leaves having a large SA is an adaption for Photosynthesis.

A

Gases can be exchanged more efficiently and the sunlight is more largely absorbed.

44
Q

Describe how a Thin Upper Epidermis is efficient for Photosynthesis.

A

Faster gas exchange due to a shorter diffusion pathway.

45
Q

Describe how the position of Chloroplasts could be an adaptation for Photosynthesis.

A

Arranged to top of leaf for maximum light absorption

46
Q

Describe how substomatal air space could be an adaptation of Photosynthesis.

A

Air spaces to allow rapid diffusion of gases in spongy mesophyll.

47
Q

Describe how the non-overlapping leaf structure is beneficial to photosynthesis.

A

Avoids shadowing of one leaf with another.

48
Q

How is having a transparent cuticle beneficial to Photosynthesis?

A

This allows light through to the mesophyll cells.

49
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

pigment which absorbs light

50
Q

List properties of ATP

A

small +soluble, easily broken down, rapidly re-synthesised, it can activate other molecules e.g. addition of phosphate.

51
Q

What is photoionisation?

A

light energy “excites” an electron + releasing it.

52
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

The removal of hydrogen from a molecule

53
Q

What is the purpose of NADP in Photosynthesis?

A

Transfers H from molecule to molecule to reduce/oxidise a molecule.

54
Q

Reduce

A

Give hydrogen to

55
Q

Oxidise

A

Take hydrogen from

56
Q

Name the 2 photosystems used by plants to capture light energy

A

PSI and PSII

57
Q

Name 3 limiting factors for Photosynthesis

A

Light intensity, Temperature, and CO2

58
Q

What are the optimum conditions for photosynthesis?

A

25*c (above 45 denature, below 10 = inactive enzymes)

0.4% CO2

59
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle produce?

A

Triose Phosphate

60
Q

What is the product of the Calvin cycle used for?

A

Making glucose and other organic substances.

61
Q

The reactions in the Calvin Cycle are linked which means the start product ……… …….. is ………..

A

The reactions in the Calvin Cycle are linked which means the start product ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated.

62
Q

What is the name of the enzyme in the Calvin Cycle?

A

Rubisco

63
Q

How many TP molecules are converted into hexose sugars?

A

1/6

64
Q

Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) is reduced to triose phosphate (TP) by which two molecules?

A

ATP

Reduced NADP

65
Q

What is the final stage of aerobic respiration?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

66
Q

List the 4 processes, in order, that occur in respiration.

A

Glycolysis–The Link Reaction–The Krebs Cycle–Oxidative Phosphorylation

67
Q

Name the structures that can be found within a mitochondria

A 
Matrix
Cristae
Inter-membrane space
Outer membrane
Inner Membrane
ATP Synthase
68
Q

Where does the Link reaction occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

69
Q

In oxidative phosphorylation, what molecule is the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen

70
Q

How can there still be uptake of CO2 when stomata are covered?

A

CO2 uptake through cuticle

71
Q

Why does the uptake of CO2 by plants become 0 when lights are turned off? [2]

A

No CO2 needed for photosynthesis as it’s dark

No diffusion gradient maintained for CO2 to enter the leaf.

72
Q

Suggest and explain why the rate of photosynthesis was low between certain wavelengths of light [2]

A

More reflection of these wavelengths

Could be the same as green light/ colour of chlorophyll

73
Q

Name the 3 main stages of photosynthesis

A

Capturing Light energy
LDR
Calvin Cycle

74
Q

Describe Chemiosmosis

A

Process of electrons flowing down electron transfer chain establishing proton gradient across membrane to drive ATP synthesis.

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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