Homestasis- Topic 6C Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Negative feedback

A

The change produced by a system to restore systems to their original level.

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2
Q

What is Glycogenisis

A

blood glucose conc too high so liver produces enzymes that mean glucose converted into glycogen (stored in liver cells)
genesis means to make

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3
Q

What is Glycogenolysis?

A

When blood glucose concentration is too low ezymes in liver break down glycogen into glucose
lysis means to breakdown

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4
Q

What is the importance of maintaining a stable core temperature and stable blood pH?

A

So cells can function normally and stop them being damaged. -e.g. enzymes being denatured

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5
Q

Glucose is needed for ………, so a lack of glucose in the blood could result in …. …….

A

respiration, cell death

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6
Q

When will blood glucose increase and decrease?

A

following ingestion of food or drink containing carbohydrates and will fall following exercise or if you have not eaten

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7
Q

What two things change the concentration of glucose in your blood?

A

Eating and Exercise

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8
Q

Name the 2 hormones responsible for controlling glucose concentration

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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9
Q

What is the role of beta cells?

A

to secrete insulin into the blood

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10
Q

What is the role of alpha cells?

A

to secrete glucagon into the blood

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11
Q

Describe how blood glucose concentrations are lowered when it’s too high

A

insulin binds to specific receptors on surfaces of target cells
increases the permeability of muscle-cell membranes to glucose ( MORE TRANSPORT PROTEINS) so cells can take in more glucose (inc the number of channel proteins)
insulin activates enzymes in liver and muscle cells to convert glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)

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12
Q

Describe how blood glucose concentrations are increased when it’s too low

A

Binds to specific receptors on cell membranes of liver cells
activates enzymes in liver cells that breaks down glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)
also activates enzymes involved in formation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

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13
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The formation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids

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14
Q

The role of adrenaline

A

secreted when low conc of blood glucose in your blood.

makes more glucose available for muscles to respire

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15
Q

How adrenaline works…

A

binds to receptors on membrane of liver cells
activates glycogenolysis
inhibits glycogenesis
activates glucagon secretion and inhibits insulin secretion

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16
Q

Main function of the Kidneys?

A

Excrete waste products like urea and regulate water potential of the blood.

17
Q

Name an adaptation of the PCT

A

Lots of microvilli on epithelial cells increasing SA for faster reabsorption.

18
Q

Name 2 substances present in the glomerular filtrate

A

Water

Glucose

19
Q

Name the 3 layers that the liquid/small molecules pass through to form glomerular filtrate.

A

capillary wall
basement membrane
epithelial layer

20
Q

Name 2 substances that are too big to pass through the 3 layers, so can’t be in glomerular filtrate

A

Proteins

Blood cells

21
Q

What is urine usually made up of

A

water
urea
other e.g. hormones