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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Cell Structure and Division-Topic 2A > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Division-Topic 2A Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are cells grouped into tissues, and organs into organ systems?

A

For increased efficiency.

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2
Q

Define a tissue.

A

A collection of similar specialised cells that perform a specific function.

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3
Q

Define an organ.

A

A combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions (often 1 predominant function).

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform particular functions more efficiently.

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5
Q

What is the difference between a tissue and an organ?

A

Organs consist of different types of tissue, not just one e.g. connective and epithelial.

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6
Q

Where is the cell surface membrane usually found?

A

On the surface of animal cells.

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7
Q

Where else can the cell surface membrane be found?

A

Inside the cell wall of OTHER cells.

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8
Q

What does the cell-surface membrane consist of?

A

Lipids and protein.

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

A

To regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Has receptor cells so it can respond to hormones.

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10
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Large organelle, surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) containing many pores.
Contains chromosomes and nucleolus.

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls cell’s activities .
DNA has instructions to make proteins
Pores allow substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm e.g. RNA
Nucleolus makes ribosomes.

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12
Q

Describe mitochondrion

A 
Double membrane (inner folded in cristae)
Inside is the matrix containing enzymes for respiration.
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13
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site for aerobic respiration (ATP produced here)

therefore they are found in large numbers in very active cells that require lots of energy.

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14
Q

Describe a chloroplast

A

Flattened structure in plant and algal cells. Surrounded by double membrane.

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15
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Site where photosynthesis takes place (some parts happen in grana, others in stroma)

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16
Q

Describe Golgi apparatus

A

A group of fluid filled, membrane-bound sacs.

Vesicles often @ edges of the sacs.

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17
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies triglycerides
Processes and packages new lipids and proteins.
Makes lysosomes.

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18
Q

What 3 organelles are in plant cells but not animal cells?

A

Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Cellulose cell wall (with plasmodesmata)

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19
Q

How do fungal cells differ from plant cells?

A

Cell walls are made of chitin (not cellulose)

DON’T have chloroplasts (because they don’t photosynthesise)

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20
Q

Which cell is plasmodesmata in and what does it do?

A

Plant cells

Plasmodesmata is a channel for exchanging substances with adjacent cells.

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21
Q

What does a vacuole do?

A

Contains cell sap, it maintains pressure in thee cell and keeps it rigid-stops plant wilting

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22
Q

What type of cell has the same organelles as a plant cell?

A

An algal cell

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23
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

A

Binary Fission

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24
Q

Viruses are… they are not cells

A

Viruses are acellular. They are not cells.

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25
Q

What are viruses made up of?

A

Nucleic acids surrounded by protein. They are not living.

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26
Q

Name 3 parts of a virus

A

core of genetic material
protein coat- capsule
Attachment proteins

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27
Q

All viruses …… and ……… inside cells of other organisms. These cells are known as …….

A

All viruses invade and reproduce inside cells of other organisms. These cells are known as host cells.

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28
Q

Name the two organelles that aren’t membrane bound in Eukaryotic cells

A

Ribosomes and centrioles.

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29
Q

What is “processed data”?

A

Calculations made (from raw data)

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30
Q

List the organelles always present in Eukaryotic cells

A

Cell surface membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleic acids
Mitochondria

31
Q

List the organelles sometimes in Eukaryotic cells

A

Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Vacuole

32
Q

List the organelles always in prokaryotic cells

A

Cell-surface membrane
Ribosomes
Plasmid
Nucleic acid

33
Q

Why are tissues homogenised?

A

To break open cells AND remove debris

34
Q

Why is the homogenised tissue kept cold?

A

To slow down enzyme activity.

35
Q

Why is the homogenised tissue kept in an isotonic solution

A

To prevent damage to the cell through osmosis.

36
Q

Why is the homogenised tissue kept in a buffered solution?

A

To maintain the pH as any change in pH can alter the structure of the enzyme or the functioning of the enzyme.

37
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division that produces Genetically Identical Cells

38
Q

What is mitosis needed for?

A

The growth of multicellular organisms

And repairing damaged tissues

39
Q

What is the period of cell growth and DNA replication?

A

Interphase

40
Q

Name the 3 stages Interphase is subdivided into

A

G1, S and G2

41
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells (containing an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell)

42
Q

How many stages is Mitosis split into? Name them

A 
4
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
43
Q

Name the phases before and after mitosis

A

Gap phase 2( G2 is before) Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made
Mitosis
Gap phase 1 (G1 is after) Cell grows. New organelles and proteins are made.

44
Q

Besides the phases immediately before and after mitosis, name the other phase.

A

Synthesis (after G1)

45
Q

Name the 3 phases of interphase

A

G2, G1, Synthesis

46
Q

What stage of interphase is the longest? What happens in this stage?

A

Synthesis: Cell replicates its DNA ready to divide by mitosis.

47
Q

Describe what happens at interphase?

A

DNA unravelled and replicated
ATP content increases
Organelles replicated

48
Q

Describes what happens at Prophase?

A 
Chromosomes condense (get shorter and fatter)
Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell forming protein fibres called spindle fibres
Nuclear envelope breaks down
49
Q

Describe what happens are Metaphase

A

The chromosomes (each with 2 chromatids) line up along the middle of the cell.

These attach to spindle by their centromere

50
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids.
Spindles contract, pulling chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle. (Appear V shaped)

51
Q

Telophase

A

Chromatids reach opposite poles on the spindle.
Nuclear envelope reforms
Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) = two genetically identical daughter cells.

52
Q

Cancer is the result of …….. …. ……..

A

Cancer is the result of uncontrolled cell division

53
Q

What are mitosis and the cell cycle controlled by?

A

Genes

54
Q

If there is a mutation in the gene controlling cell division, what is likely to happen?

A

The cells can grow out of control

55
Q

What is cancer?

A

A tumour that invades surrounding tissue

56
Q

Some Cancer treatments target….

A

Some cancer treatments target the cell cycle.

57
Q

Some cell cycle targets of cancer treatments include:

A

G1- Cell growth and protein production.
Some chemical drugs (chemotherapy) prevents synthesis of enzymes- this makes cell unable to enter the synthesis phase therefore killing itself
S phase- radiation damages DNA, if sever damage then cell will kill itself preventing further tumour growth.

58
Q

Cells will generally divide when …….

A

they become too large

59
Q

What is different about the division of cancer cells?

A

If there is a mutation in a gene controlling cell division the cells grow out of control.

60
Q

Give the 2 main functions of mitosis

A

Growth

Repairing damaged tissue

61
Q

Describe how tumours are formed

A

Mutation in gene leads to uncontrolled cell division and the cells which keep on dividing forming a tumour

62
Q

Out of starch grains, double outer membranes and diffusion of oxygen into the organelle- which features relate to mitochondria/chloroplasts or both?

A

Mitochondria: double membrane, diffusion of oxygen
Chloroplasts: double membrane, starch grains.

63
Q

Name two structures in a eukaryotic cell that cannot be identified using an optical microscope

A

Lysosomes

Ribosomes

64
Q

Name the polymer that makes up a prokaryotic cell wall. What is it an example of?

A

Murein which is a glycoprotein.

65
Q

Name organelles SOME prokaryotes have.

A

Flagellum
Plasmid
Capsule

66
Q

Name organelles ALL prokaryotes have.

A

Cell wall
Plasma membrane
Free floating circular DNA
Cytoplasm, with ribosomes.

67
Q

In binary fission the cell ….. its …….. ……. before splitting into two ….. ………….

A

In binary fission the cell replicates its genetic material before splitting into two daughter cells.

68
Q

Why should you push down hard on the cover slip, but not push the cover slip sideways?

A

To squash the tissue sample.

Not sideways to avoid breaking chromosomes.

69
Q

Why are cells taken from a root tip?

A

This is the region where mitosis occurs.

70
Q

Why is the root tip firmly squashed?

A

To allow light through/ make tissue layer thin.

71
Q

During meiosis what is the reason for the first decrease in DNA per cell?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate.

72
Q

During meiosis what is the reason for the second decrease in DNA per cell?

A

Sister chromatids separate.

73
Q

Name plant organelles from heaviest to lightest (for ultracentrifugation)

A

Nuclei-(chloroplasts if plant cell)-mitochondria-lysosomes-endoplasmic reticulum-ribosomes

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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