Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Biological Molecules- Topic 1A > Flashcards

Biological Molecules- Topic 1A Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule made up of monomers (smaller units)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are polysaccharides a type of?

A

Polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A disaccharide is made up of two monosaccharides joined together by a chemical reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of chemical reaction results in a disaccharide?

A

A condensation reaction as a molecule of water is also produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name two polysaccharides

A

Starch and cellulose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which disaccharide is composed of 2 molecules of glucose?

A

Maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name two monosaccharides.

A

Fructose and glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Only in plant cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many different amino acids are used in proteins?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do all proteins contain?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are proteins held together by?

A

Peptide bonds which are strong.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the order of amino acids determine?

A

The structure of the protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the structure of the protein determine?

A

How it works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the primary structure of protein?

A

The order in which the amino acids are arranged in a protein chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of bonds hold together the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Hydrogen (weak forces of chemical attraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a tertiary structure?

A

Coiled chain of amino acids folded into a ball, which are held together by strong and weak chemical bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If the protein has a roughly spherical shape it’s called a….

A

Globular protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a secondary structure?

A

Chains folded and coiled up into pleats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

ONLY Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which disaccharide is formed with glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do lipids contain?

A

Oxygen, hydrogen and carbon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lipids are…

A

Oils and fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does a triglyceride consist of?

A

A molecule of glycerol with three fatty acids attached to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Plant oils and animal fats are mostly made up of a group of lipids called?

A

Triglycerides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Similar to triglycerides however they have 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are cell membranes made from?

A

A double layer of phospholipds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of the biochemical reactions in a living cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They reduce the activation energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Enzymes can … or … molecules

A

Enzymes can build or break down molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give an example of an enzyme which breaks down molecules.

A

Digestive enzymes break down food into smaller molecules e.g carbohydrases into carbohydrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Give an example of an enzyme which builds molecules.

A

DNA replication help to build molecules such as DNA polymerase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What will be affected if the shape of the active site is changed?

A

How well the enzyme works.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Give the formula for monosaccharides

A

(Cn(H2O)n)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give examples of monosaccharides

A

Triose (glyceraldehyde)
Pentose (ribose and deoxyribose)
Hexose (glucose, fructose and galactose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Give examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Chemical formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A small basic molecular unit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A repeating protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A single protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the removal of water in a reaction called?

A

Condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the addition of water to a reaction called?

A

Hydrolysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 4 different components that make up an amino acid?

A

An amino group (NH2), Carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (-H) and an R group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Name the type of bond that joins an amino acid together?

A

A peptide bond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

State the type of reaction involved in joining amino acids together.

A

Condensation reaction.

45
Q

Which polysaccharide is made up of B glucose?

A

Cellulose

46
Q

Which polysaccharides are made up of a glucose?

A

Starch and Glycogen

47
Q

Why do large molecules often consist of carbon?

A

As carbon atoms readily bond with each other so can form chains of various lengths

48
Q

What is the general name for a molecule made up of many similar repeating units?

A

Polymer!

49
Q

Why does Benedicts reagent turn red when heated with a reducing sugar?

A

Sugar donates electrons that reduces blue Copper II sulphate to orange Copper I oxide.

50
Q

What is lactose an example of and what’s it made up of?

A

A disaccharide made up of glucose and galactose.

51
Q

What is the bond formed in a disaccharide (condensation) reaction called?

A

A glycosidic bond.

52
Q

What acid is added in the test for Non-Reducing sugars and why?

A

Dilute hydrochloric acid to hydrolise the disaccharide into it’s original monosaccharides.

53
Q

What chemical is added after the acid to then neutralise the solution? (Non-reducing sugars test)

A

Sodium hydrogencarbonate.

54
Q

Describe the test for starch?

A

Add iodine to solution to test solution, shake solution and if starch is present it will turn a blue-black colour.

55
Q

What is the main role of starch?

A

Energy storage

56
Q

How is starch suited for its role?

A

It’s insoluble so doesn’t affect water potential.
It is large so does not diffuse out of cells
It is compact due to helical structure so can be stored in a small place.

57
Q

Why do the OH groups occur on both sides of a cellulose molecule?

A

So it can form other hydrogen bonds with other chains on both sides.

58
Q

How is the structure of cellulose suited to its function?

A

composed of B glucose so forms long, straight unbranched chains.
The chains run parallel to each other and are cross linked by hydrogen bonds giving them collective strength.
Molecules grouped to form microfibrils which are, in turn, grouped to form fibres, which provides yet more strength

59
Q

Where can you find cellulose?

A

In a pant cell wall to make the plant rigid and to prevent it from bursting.

60
Q

Which 2 substances are formed when two amino acids join together?

A

A Water molrcule

(Di)peptide

61
Q

Name the type of bond formed between the joined pair of amino acids?

A

Peptide bond.

62
Q

Why do organisms that move (animals) or plant seeds use lipids instead of carbohydrates as an energy store?

A

Lipids provide more than twice as much energy as carbohydrates when oxidised and if fat is stored it can contain the same energy is more than half the mass, so is a lighter storage product.

63
Q

What is an isomer?

A

An isomer is when molecules have the same molecular formula but with atoms connected in a different way.

64
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

65
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction itself.

66
Q

How do enzymes complete their function?

A

They speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy

67
Q

What is an enzyme-substrate complex?

A

Forms when a substrate fits into the enzyme’s active site- this is what lowers the activation energy.

68
Q

What was the first Enzyme model?

A

The lock and key model

69
Q

What is the improved second Enzyme model called?

A

The induced fit model

70
Q

What do the properties of enzymes relate to?

A

Enzyme properties relate to their Tertiary Structure

71
Q

What is the active site’s shape determined by?

A

The enzyme’s tertiary structure (which is determined by the enzyme’s primary structure)

72
Q

What is a reason for the active site shape changing?

A

A change in the tertiary structure, due to pH or temperature.

73
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

A

A gene

74
Q

Why does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction?

A

The more enzyme molecules in a solution, the more likely a substrate molecule is to COLLIDE with one and form an enzyme-substrate complex.

75
Q

Why may an increase in enzyme concentration eventually have no further affect?

A

If the substrate amount is limited.

76
Q

What does a peptide bond look like?

A

C—N

77
Q

Name 4 specialised proteins.

A

Enzymes
Structural proteins
Antibodies
Transport proteins

78
Q

Name 2 things affecting the rate of reaction for enzymes

A 
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration (up to a point)
79
Q

Name 2 things that influence the Enzyme Activity

A

Temperature and pH

80
Q

Name two ways Enzyme activity can be Inhibited

A

Competitive Inhibition

Non-Competitive Inhibition

81
Q

What happens during competitive inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibitor molecules have a similar shape to substrate so can bind to active site (without reaction)
This means no substrate can get in.

82
Q

What happens during non-competitive inhibition?

A

Non-competitive inhibitor molecules bind to the enzyme away from its active site which changes the shape of the active site so substrate molecules can’t bind to it.

83
Q

Why are enzymes usually spherical?

A

Due to the tight folding of polypeptide chains

84
Q

Where do enzymes commonly have roles in the body? Name a property useful for this.

A

Roles in metabolism

Soluble

85
Q

What causes structural proteins to fold up and form a channel?

A

The hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids cause it to fold.

86
Q

Describe Antibodies?

A

Consist of two light (short) polypeptide chains and two heavy (long)

87
Q

What are Triglycerides mainly used as ?

A

Energy Storage Molecules

88
Q

How are Triglycerides suited to their function?

A

Hydrocarbon tails contain lots of chemical energy so lots is released when they’re broken down.

Insoluble so don’t affect water potential (cell can’t swell so more room)

89
Q

Triglycerides clump together as ……… …….. in cells

A

Insoluble droplets.

90
Q

Why do fatty acid tails face inwards?

A

As they are shielding themselves from the water using their glycerol heads.

91
Q

What does an ester bond look like?

A

C-O-C

92
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? What does this mean for a fatty acid tail?

A

One with double bonds( C=C )

Causes kink in chain.

93
Q

How is a Triglyceride formed?

A

By a condensation reaction (fatty acid to glycerol) this must happen 3 times therefore + 3 (H2O) molecules

94
Q

What does the ester bond forming lead to?

A

A molecule of water being released.

95
Q

Describe briefly the Emulsion Test?

A

Add sample + ethanol
Shake
Add water
positive if milky white emulsion.

96
Q

Why can’t water soluble substances easily pass through a phospholipid bilayer?

A

Because the centre of the Bilayer is Hydrophobic due to arrangement of phospholipids (tails get away from water) Membrane acts as a BARRIER.

97
Q

What do cell membranes do?

A

Control what enters and leaves the cell

98
Q

What part of a Triglyceride molecule is an R (variable) group?

A

The hydrocarbon tails vary.

99
Q

Name 2 other functions for Triglycerides other than their named main function (in mammals)?

A

Thermal insulation

Waterproofing of skin/fur.

100
Q

Name 2 functions of lipids in plants

A

Energy storage

Leaf waterproofing

101
Q

What is an inhibitor

A

chemicals that slow down the rate or stop the reaction

102
Q

Name two useful properties of ATP

A

Soluble

Single simple reaction

103
Q

Why is ATP useful?

A

Can rapidly re-synthesise
Immediate energy source
Very easily broken down.

104
Q

Why is it necessary for humans to synthesise such a large amount of ATP.

A

Relatively small amounts of energy released at a time

ATP cannot be stored (immediate energy source)

105
Q

What happens to the substrate just before binding to an active site?

A

The bonds distort

106
Q

Describe the beginning of the induced fit

A

Before reaction active site isn’t complementary

107
Q

How are Haemoglobin and Collagen similar?

A

Both formed from amino acid monomers

Peptide bonds formed in condensation reaction.

108
Q

How are Haemoglobin and Collagen different?

A

Haemoglobin= 4 polypeptide chains Collagen = 3
Haemoglobin has a HAEM prosthetic group collagen has no prosthetic group
Haemoglobin is soluble Collagen is insoluble
Haemoglobin is globular whereas collagen is helical.

109
Q

Name 2 molecules that make up a ribosome

A

RNA and protein

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions