More Biological Molecules- 1B Flashcards
What are DNA and RNA both types of?
Nucleic acid
What is DNA used for?
Storing genetic information.
What is genetic information?
All the instructions an organism needs to grow and develop
What is RNA used for?
Transferring genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes.
Describe the relation of ribosomes and RNA?
RNA transfers DNA to the ribosomes which read the RNA to make polypeptides in a process called translation.
What are ribosomes themselves made of?
RNA and proteins.
What is a nucleotide made up of?
A pentose sugar
A nitrogen containing base
A phosphate group
Name the sugar in DNA
Deoxyribose
Fully name the 4 bases in DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Name the sugar in RNA
Ribose
Name the 4 bases in RNA
Adenine
Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Define a polynucleotide
A polymer of nucleotides.
Name the bond between the two phosphates and the pentose sugar?
Phosphodiester
consisting of 2ester bonds and the phosphate group
What structure is DNA found in?
Double helix
What type of bonding is there between the bases?
Hydrogen bonding
How many bonds form between A and T?
2
How many bonds form between C and G?
3
How do we the describe the two polynucleotide chains in relation to each other?
Anti-parallel
How does DNA replicate?
By semi-conservative replication
What does DNA do before cell division to enable each new cell to have the full amount of DNA?
Copies itself
What is the first stage of semi- conservative replication?
The hydrogen bonds are broken using an enzyme (helicase) forming two single strands.
What reaction joins new strands together?
Condensation
What enzyme catalyses the joining of the new polynucleotide DNA strands?
Polymerase.
What is the final stage of semi-conservative replication?
Each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the original DNA molecule and one new strand.
Name the two scientists who provided evidence for semi-conservative replication
Meselson
Stahl
Name the 2 purine bases
Adenine
Guanine
Describe the role of DNA polymerase
Joins nucleotides to form a new strand.
How is prokaryotic DNA different from Eukaryotic DNA
It’s smaller
Circular DNA
Why is ATP a nucleotide derivative?
ATP is called a nucleotide derivative because it is a modified form of a nucleotide
(Contains adenine, and 2 more phosphates)
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate.
Name processes in cells that require ATP
Metabolic processes Secretion Active Transport Movement Activation of molecules.
When energy is needed by a cell what happens to ATP?
ATP is broken down via a hydrolysis reaction into ADP, breaking the phosphate bond which releases energy.
What enzyme catalyses the activation of ATP
ATP hydrolase
What is ATP often referred to as?
The immediate energy resource of a cell.
What is ATP made up of?
Adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups.
How does ATP store energy?
Stores energy between phosphate groups, which are unstable so have low activation energy and are easily broken to release energy.
(ATP hydrolase catalyses reaction)
Name the pyrimidine bases
Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
The active site on DNA Polymerase is only complementary to the ……….. ….. ?
The active site on DNA Polymerase is only complementary to the 3’ end.
Which part of a nucleotide is DNA Polymerase complementary to?
Phosphate end
