Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Cells and the Immune System- Topic 2C > Flashcards

Cells and the Immune System- Topic 2C Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give 3 examples of a pathogen

A

Bacteria, viruses and fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign molecule that can generate an immune response when detected by the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where can antigens usually be found?

A

On the surface of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 3 things do antigens identify?

A

Pathogens, abnormal body cells (cancerous cells), toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 main stages in the immune response?

A

Phagocytes engulf pathogens
Phagocytes activate T-cells
T-cells Activate B-cells, which divide into plasma cells
Plasma cells make more antibodies to a specific antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell that carries out phagocytosis. Found in the blood and in tissues. They are the first cells to respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a phagosome?

A

the phagocytic vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein that binds to a specific antigen to form antigen-antibody complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies SPECIFIC to the antigen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The immune response can be split into two. What are these responses?

A

Cellular- T-cells and other immune system cells

Humoral- B cells, clonal selection and production of monoclonal antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are both types of immune response needed to do?

A

Remove a pathogen from the body. Responses interact with each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the primary response?

A

When an antigen enters the body for the first time and activates the immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

At first the primary response is …… because there ….. …… …. that can make the antibody needed to bind to it.

A

At first the primary response is slow because there aren’t many B-cells that make the antibody needed to bind to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the humoral response involve?

A

B-cells, clonal selection and monoclonal antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the function of antibodies

A

Bind pathogens together

Allowing phagocytes to engulf many pathogens at once.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When an antibody binds 2 pathogens (as it has 2 binding sites) at the same time so that pathogens become clumped together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Engulfment of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vaccines can protect ……. and …….. against disease

A

Vaccines can protect individuals and populations against disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do vaccines contain?

A

Antigens that cause the body to produce memory cells against a particular pathogen without the pathogen causing disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vaccines help you become …… so you don’t get any ………

A

Vaccines help you become immune so you don’t get any symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

More individuals being vaccinated reduces occurrence of the disease so those not vaccinated are also less likely to catch it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vaccines always contain antigens which can be in 2 forms. Name them.

A

They may be free

Attached to a dead/ weakened pathogen (Attenuated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name 2 ways that vaccines can be taken and give a disadvantage of one of these

A

Injected or taken orally.

If take orally enzymes could break it down in the gut or molecules are too large to be absorbed into the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why may a booster vaccine be given?

A

To make sure that memory cells are produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain why you may be infected a second time and get ill again?

A

Some pathogens change their surface antigens which aren’t recognised by the memory cells.

26
Q

Give 2 examples of pathogens that show antigenic variation

A

HIV and Influenza virus.

27
Q

What is active immunity?

A

When your immune system makes its own antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen.

28
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity from being given antibodies made by a different organism.

29
Q

Explain the 2 types of active immunity

A

Artificial- immune after vaccination

Natural- immune after catching the disease

30
Q

Explain the 2 types of passive immunity

A

Natural- when a baby becomes immune from receiving the antibodies from its mother through placenta and breast milk.
Artificial- Becoming immune after being injected with antibodies from someone else.

31
Q

What is a macrophage

A

A type of phagocyte

32
Q

What is another name for cytotoxic T cells?

A

Killer T-cells

33
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

An organelle that contains enzymes called lysozymes

34
Q

What is meant, when the phagocyte “presents” the pathogens antigens?

A

It sticks the antigens on its surface to activate other immune system cells.

35
Q

What, on a T cell, will bind to the complimentary antigens presented to it?

A

Receptor proteins on its surface

36
Q

What do lysozymes do?

A

Break down the pathogen

37
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Activation of B-cells which divide into plasma cells

38
Q

What does the specificity of an antibody depend on?

A

It’s variable regions, which form antigen binding sites

39
Q

All antibodies have the the same…

A

Constant regions.

40
Q

How is a phagosome formed?

A

The cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves around the pathogen, engulfing it.

41
Q

What is the final stage of the immune response?

A

Antibodies bind to the antigens and inhibit the functioning of the foreign cells.

42
Q

Why are antibodies referred to as monoclonal?

A

The antibodies are produced from the same B cell/ plasma cell

43
Q

Give 2 ways in which a pathogen may cause disease when it’s entered the body.

A

infection–> produces toxins

damages/kills cells

44
Q

Tests using monoclonal antibodies allow vets to identify disease while they’re still on a farm. Explain advantages of this. (3)

A

Reduces spread of disease
Isolation of infected animals
Treatment of carries/disease.

45
Q

Name differences between active and passive immunity:

A

Active involves memory cells (passive doesn’t)
Active involves production of antibody by plasma cells
Passive involves antibody introduced into body from outside
Active= long term
Passive= short term
Active can take time/passive fast acting

46
Q

What do we call an antibody bound to an antigen?

A

Antibody-antigen complex.

47
Q

Name 2 different types of phagocyte and explain how they’re different

A

macrophage- engulf pathogen
neutrophil- first cells at infection site.

Macrophages can engulf over and over again whereas neutrophils self destruct

48
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

49
Q

loss of water can stop what important process?

A

Metabolic reactions!

50
Q

Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced from….

A

Genetically identical B-cells (plasma cells) so all identical in structure.

51
Q

Why are antibodies very specific?

A

As their binding sites have a very unique tertiary structure that only 1 antigen will fit into.

52
Q

Cancer cells have antigens called…..

A

tumour markers.

53
Q

Pregnancy tests detect the hormone ….

A

HCG

54
Q

Why is AIDS dangerous?

A

As the immune system deteriorates and fails leaving somebody vulnerable to other infections

55
Q

When do people with HIV develop AIDS?

A

Not enough helper T-cells- critically low no. of Tcells

56
Q

What is the enzyme needed for virus replication?

A

Reverse transcriptase.

57
Q

What is the use of attachment proteins on HIV?

A

Help HIV attach to the host helper T-cell.

58
Q

What could be the target of anti-HIV drugs?

A

Reverse transcriptase (no replication in host cell)

59
Q

What does integrase do?

A

Inserts viral DNA into T-helper DNA.

60
Q

Explain the role of cytotoxic T-cells in destroying a pathogen.

A

Makes holes in the cell-surface membrane of the cells infected by the pathogen.
Making the cell freely permeable + die.

61
Q

Why do less people have AIDS than HIV?

A

AIDS sufferers have to be infected with HIV
AIDS takes time to develop
Not all people with HIV will develop AIDS.

62
Q

What 2 things do plasma cells produce?

A

Memory cells

Complementary antibodies to antigen

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions