Photosynthesis and Respiration- Photosynthesis, Respiration and ATP Flashcards
What do plants need energy for?
Photosynthesis, active transport, DNA replication, cell division and protein synthesis
What do animals need energy for?
Muscle contraction, maintenance of body temperature, active transport, DNA replication, cell division and protein synthesis
What is photosynthesis?
The process where energy from light is used to make glucose from H2O and CO2
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
How do animals obtain glucose?
By eating plants
What is respiration?
Plant and animal cells release energy from glucose
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration using oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration without oxygen
What does aerobic respiration produce?
CO2 and H2O
What does anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast produce?
Ethanol and CO2
What does anaerobic respiration in humans produce?
Lactate
What is energy released from glucose in respiration used for?
To make ATP
How is ATP synthesised?
Via a condensation reaction between ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy from an energy-releasing reaction
What enzyme catalyses the synthesis of ATP?
ATP synthase
What part of the cell does ATP diffuse to?
The part of the cell that needs energy
What happens when ATP has diffused to the part of the cell that needs energy?
It’s hydrolysed back into ADP and inorganic phosphate, and chemical energy is released from the phosphate bond and used by the cell
What enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP?
ATP hydrolase
Why does ATP store or release a small, manageable amount of energy at a time?
So no energy is wasted as heat
Why can ATP be easily transported around the cell?
Because it is a small, soluble molecule
Why is ATP easily broken down?
So energy can be easily released instantaneously
How can ATP make other molecules more reactive?
By transferring one of its phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation)
Why does the cell always have an immediate supply of energy?
Because ATP can’t pass out of the cell
What is a metabolic pathway?
A series of small reactions controlled by enzymes
What is phosphorylation?
Adding phosphate to a molecule
What is photophosphorylation?
Adding phosphate to a molecule using light
What is photolysis?
The splitting of a molecule using light
What is photoionisation?
When light energy ‘excites’ electrons in an atom or molecule, giving them more energy and causing them to be released
What is hydrolysis?
The splitting of a molecule using water
What is decarboxylation?
The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule
What is dehydrogenation?
The removal of hydrogen from a molecule
What are redox reactions?
Reactions that involve oxidation and reduction
What happens if something is reduced?
It has gained electrons and may have gained hydrogen or lost oxygen
What happens if something is reduced?
It has lost electrons and may have lost hydrogen or gained oxygen
What is a coenzyme?
A molecule that aids the function of an enzyme
How does a coenzyme work?
By transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another
What is NADP?
A coenzyme used in photosynthesis that transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another
What are NAD and FAD?
Coenzymes used in respiration that transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another
What is coenzyme A?
A coenzyme used in respiration that transfers acetate between molecules
