Cell Structure and Division- Prokaryotic Cells and Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?

A

They are smaller and simpler

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2
Q

What is the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Has no membrane-bound organelles and has ribosomes that are smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Mainly made of lipids and proteins and controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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4
Q

What is the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Supports the cell and prevents it from changing shape

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5
Q

What is the cell wall made from in a prokaryotic cell?

A

A polymer called murein which is a glycoprotein

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6
Q

What is a capsule?

A

An organelle that some prokaryotic cells have that is made up of secreted slime and helps to protect bacteria from attack by cells of the immune system

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7
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small loops of DNA that aren’t part of the main circular DNA molecule

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8
Q

Why are plasmids important?

A

They contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance and can be passed between prokaryotes

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9
Q

How many plasmids do prokaryotes contain?

A

They are not always present or some have several

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10
Q

Does a prokaryotic cell have a nucleus?

A

No

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11
Q

What do prokaryotic cells have instead of a nucleus?

A

The DNA floats free in the cytoplasm, it is circular DNA which is one long coiled-up strand that is not attached to any histone proteins

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12
Q

What is the flagellum?

A

A long hair-like structure that rotates to make the prokaryotic cell move

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13
Q

Do all prokaryotic cells have a flagellum?

A

No, and some have more than one

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14
Q

What are viruses?

A

Acellular, they are nucleic acids surrounded by proteins that aren’t alive

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15
Q

What is the size of a virus?

A

Smaller than bacteria

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16
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

They invade and reproduce inside of the cells of other organisms known as a host cell

17
Q

How are viruses different to bacteria?

A

They have no plasma membrane, no cytoplasm and no ribosomes

18
Q

What is the structure of virus?

A

A core of genetic material (DNA or RNA), a protein coat around the core called the capsid, attachment proteins that stick out from the edge of the capsid that let the virus cling on to a suitable host cell

19
Q

How do prokaryotic cells replicate?

A

Binary fission

20
Q

What is binary fission?

A

The cell replicates its genetic material before physically splitting into two daughter cells

21
Q

What is the first step of binary fission?

A

The circular DNA and plasmid(s) replicate- the main DNA loop is only replicated once but plasmids can be replicated many times

22
Q

What is the second step of binary fission?

A

Cell gets bigger and DNA loops move to opposite poles of the cell

23
Q

What is the third step of binary fission?

A

Cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form

24
Q

What is the fourth and final step of binary fission?

A

Cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced- each daughter cell has one copy of the circular DNA but can have a variable number of copies of the plasmids

25
Q

How do viruses use their attachment proteins?

A

To bind to complementary receptor proteins on the surface of the host cell

26
Q

Why can some viruses only infect one type of cell?

A

Different viruses have different attachment proteins so require different receptor proteins on host cells

27
Q

Do viruses undergo cell division?

A

No because they’re not alive so instead they inject their DNA or RNA into the host cell which then uses its own ‘machinery’ to replicate the viral particles