Cell Structure and Division- Eukaryotic Cells and Organelles

Question 1

How do eukaryotic cells compare to prokaryotic cells?

Answer 1

They are complex and include all animal and plant cells, including fungi and algae cells

Question 2

How are eukaryotic cells the same as prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

They both contain organelles

Question 3

What are organelles?

Answer 3

Parts of the cell that each have a specific function

Question 4

What are the organelles that plant cells have and animal cells don’t have?

Answer 4

A cellulose cell wall with a plasmodesmata, a vacuole and chloroplasts

Question 5

How are fungal cells different to plant cells?

Answer 5

Cell walls are made of chitin and they don’t have chloroplasts

Question 6

What is the cell-surface membrane (plasma membrane)?

Answer 6

Found on the surface of animal cells and inside cell wall of other cells, made mostly of lipids and protein

Question 7

What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

Answer 7

Regulates the movement of substances into and out of cell, also has receptor molecules to allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 8

What is the nucleus?

Answer 8

• A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains nuclear pores
• Contains chromosomes
• Contains one or more nucleolus

Question 9

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 9

• Controls cells activities
• Contains instructions to make proteins
• Pores allow substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
• Nucleolus makes ribosomes

Question 10

What are mitochondrion?

Answer 10

Oval-shaped organelle with double membrane (inner- cristae, inside- matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration)

Question 11

What is the function of mitochondrion?

Answer 11

Site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

Question 12

Where are large amounts of mitochondrion found?

Answer 12

Cells that are very active and require lots of energy

Question 13

What is a chloroplast?

Answer 13

• Small flattened structure
• Found in plant and algae
• Double membrane
• Membranes inside called thylakoid membranes
• Thylakoid membranes stacked up to form grana

Question 14

What is the function of a chloroplast?

Answer 14

Site where photosynthesis takes place

Question 15

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 15

Group of fluid-filled, membrane-bound flattened sacs

Question 16

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 16

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins and makes lysosomes

Question 17

Where are Golgi vesicles seen?

Answer 17

Often seen at the edges of sacs

Question 18

What is a Golgi vesicle?

Answer 18

Small fluid-filled sac in cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by Golgi apparatus

Question 19

What is the function of a Golgi vesicle?

Answer 19

Stores lipids and proteins by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell

Question 20

What is a lysosome?

Answer 20

Round organelle surrounded by a membrane with no clear internal structure, type of Golgi vesicle

Question 21

What is the function of a lysosome?

Answer 21

Contains digestive enzymes (lysozymes) that are used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of the cell

Question 22

What is a ribosome?

Answer 22

Very small organelle that either floats freely in cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, made up of proteins and RNA, not surrounded by a membrane

Question 23

What is the function of a ribosome?

Answer 23

Site where proteins are made

Question 24

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 24

System of membranes enclosing fluid-filled space, surface covered with ribosomes

Question 25

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 25

Folds and processes proteins made by ribosomes

Question 26

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 26

Similar to RER but with no ribosomes

Question 27

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 27

Synthesises and processes lipids

Question 28

What is the cell wall?

Answer 28

Rigid structure surrounding cells in plants, algae and fungi

Question 29

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 29

Supports cells and prevents them changing shape

Question 30

What is the cell vacuole?

Answer 30

Membrane-bound organelle found in cytoplasm of plant cells that contains cell sap, surrounding membrane called the tonoplast

Question 31

What is the function of the cell vacuole?

Answer 31

Helps maintain pressure inside cell, keeps cell rigid, involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals inside cell

Question 32

Why do cells become specialised?

Answer 32

To carry out specific functions

Question 33

How are epithelial cells in the small intestine specialised to absorb food efficiently?

Answer 33

• Walls of small intestine have villi which increase surface area for absorption
• Villi have folds in cell-surface membrane called microvilli which increase surface area even more
• Also have lots of mitochondria to provide energy for transport of digested food molecules into cell

Question 34

How are tissues formed?

Answer 34

Specialised cells grouped together

Question 35

What are tissues?

Answer 35

A group of cells working together to form a particular function

Question 36

How are organs formed?

Answer 36

Different tissues working together

Question 37

How are organ systems formed?

Answer 37

Different organs working together to perform a particular function