Cell Structure and Division- Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cell division in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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2
Q

What happens in mitosis?

A

A parent cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells

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3
Q

What is mitosis needed for?

A

Growth of multicellular organisms and repairing damaged tissues

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4
Q

What does the cell cycle consist of?

A

A period of cell growth and DNA replication called interphase, mitosis happens after this

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5
Q

What happens in G1?

A

Cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made

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6
Q

What happens in S?

A

Cell replicates its DNA

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7
Q

What happens in G2?

A

Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made

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8
Q

What are the three growth stages in interphase?

A

G1, S and G2

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9
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

Cell’s DNA is unravelled and replicated, organelles are also replicated, ATP content is increased

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10
Q

What happens in prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes condense and get shorter and fatter
  • Centrioles start moving to opposite ends of cell
  • Form spindle
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
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11
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • Chromosomes line up along equator of cell

- Attach to spindle by centromere

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12
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • Centromeres divide
  • Each pair of sister chromatids separate
  • Spindles contract
  • Chromatids pulled to opposite poles of cell
  • Chromosomes appear V-shaped
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13
Q

What happens in telophase?

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite poles on spindle
  • Uncoil and become long and thin
  • Nuclear envelope forms
  • Division of cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
  • Forms two daughter cells that are genetically identical
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14
Q

How can you calculate how long each stage of mitosis lasts?

A

eg. 100 cells undergoing mitosis, 10 in metaphase, one complete cell cycle= 15 hours, how long do cells spend in metaphase?
10/100th of cell cycle in metaphase
15 x 60= 900 minutes
10/100 x 900= 90 minutes in metaphase

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15
Q

What are mitosis and the cell cycle controlled by?

A

Genes

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16
Q

How can cells grow out of control?

A

If there’s a mutation in a gene that controls cell division

17
Q

How is a tumour formed?

A

Cells keep on dividing to make more and more cells

18
Q

What is cancer?

A

A tumour that invade surrounding tissue

19
Q

What are treatments for cancer designed to do?

A

Control the rate of cell division in tumour cells by disrupting the cells cycle which kills the tumour cells

20
Q

What is the problem with cancer treatments?

A

They don’t distinguish tumour cells from normal cells so they also kill normal body cells that are dividing

21
Q

Why would cancer treatments target G1?

A

This would prevent the synthesis of enzymes needed for DNA replication and if these aren’t produced the cell can’t enter the S phase so the cell cycle is disrupted which forces the cell to kill itself

22
Q

Why would cancer treatments target the S phase?

A

This is the stage of DNA replication and the cell is checked for damage so if severe damage is detected then the cell will kill itself and prevent further tumour growth