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plant biology > photosynthesis > Flashcards

photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthesis

A

provides metabolic energy, raw materials and oxygen
calculated to produce a lot of sugar per year.

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1
Q

chloroplast

A
  • surrounded by double membrane
  • inside is called the stroma, which is the basal material
  • complex set of membranes called thylakoid membranes
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2
Q

thylaoid

A

comes in stacks, which are hollow, and have passages. These stacks are called granum….

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3
Q

four places for reactions in chloroplast

A
  1. stroma: soluble rxns
  2. Inner thylakoid fluids: soluble rxns
  3. Grana: membrane bound rxns
  4. other membranes: membrane bound rxns
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4
Q

chlorophyll a

A
  • most common and abundant type
  • in cyanobacteria, algae, plants
  • main thing that harvests light
  • found in all algae including cyanobacteria
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5
Q

structure of chlorophyll a

A
  • long hydrophobic chain (anchor)
  • 4 cross linked nitrogen
  • magnesium in center
  • side groups
  • porphyrin ring
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6
Q

light absorbance spectrum of chlorphyll a

A

lots of absorbance at 430 and 662

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7
Q

chlorphyll b structure

A
  • only in green algae and plants
  • similar in structure to chlorophyll a, with a CHO- group added
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8
Q

chlorphyll b absorbance

A

absorb at 453 and 642

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9
Q

chlorophyll c structure

A
  • no tail
  • not in green plants, found in diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae
  • has porphyrin ring, no hydrophobic chain
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10
Q

chlorophyll c absorbance

A
  • blue light
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11
Q

chlorophyll d

A
  • in cyanobacteria and red algae, no terrestrial plants
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12
Q

chlorophyll d absorbance

A
  • infrared light strongly
  • infrared can penetrate water
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13
Q

carotenoids

A
  • accessory pigments in light harvesting complexes
  • antioxidants
  • stabilize protein folding
  • quench ROS
  • thermally dissipate excess energy
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14
Q

phycobilins

A
  • water soluble
  • cyanobacteria and red algae
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15
Q

what happens when pigment absorb light:

A

electron boosted to high energy level (photoexcitation) can do one of three things:
1. fluorescence, can fall down to lower E level, gives off a light color
2. resonance electron transfer, energy can be transfered from one thing to another until it reaches chlorophyll a
3. high energy e- can be captured, and displaced

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16
Q

reactions for photosynthesis

A

3 CO2 + 6 H2O to give C3H6O4 + 3 O2 + 3 H2O

Very little glucose is produced right away.

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17
Q

light dependent rxns

A

aka energy transduction rxns, as light rxns may be misleading.
- produce ATP and NADPH
- will not occur without light

18
Q

light-independent rxns

A

aka carbon fixation rxns
- use ATP and NADPH to fix C and produce organic compounds

19
Q

light dependent rxns details

A
  • highly complex, harness light energy
  • many pigments, enzymes, proteins
  • precise configuration is crucial
  • take place on thylakoid membrane
  • two photosystems, each with antenna, complex and rxn center
20
Q

photosystem 1 location

A
  • on outer part of thylakoid stacks and the channels between grana
  • exposed to stroma
21
Q

PS 1 structure of rxn center

A

boosts P700 to high energy , associated with Ao e- acceptor molecule, then passed along cytochrome chain from Ao to A1, then iron sulfur proteins, then ferredoxin to cytochrome b (transmembrane complex, spans thylakoid membrane) then finally, sends to plastocyanin

22
Q

PS 1 function: cyclic PP

A
  • cyclic photophosphorylation going from high lvl P700 to low lvl P700… replace themselves.
  • Cyt b fills thylakoid with protons to give a + charge. Proton gradient is used to make ATP
23
Q

PS1 function : NonCyclic PP

A

goes through a different pathway to make NADP into NADPH… which is 3x the E of ATP… no way back from here, so the cant happen unless there are e- to replace it.

24
Q

PS II location

A
  • located within thylakoid membranes
25
Q

structure of PSII

A
  • excited P680, accepted by pheophytin, passed to Qa then Qb then to cytochrome b (proton gradient)
  • takes in water and releases Hydrogens and electrons to replace the ones we have lost in the NC PP OF PS1.
26
Q

PSII NC PP

A

light strikes PS II c, boosts P680 e- to high lvl, captured by pheophytin and passed down ETC to Qa and Qb, at the same time water is splitting to replace e- and produce H+ and O2 is the waste product. e- are passed to PSI and boosted again as P700. Then passed through cytochromes to make NADPH. This is NC because it never cycles back.

27
Q

Why do plants have PS I

A

need both going for photosynthesis to be balanced

28
Q

C3 pathway

A

carbon fixation.
Complex set of rxns; CALVIN CYCLE must cycle 6 times.
begin with rubisco, combines with RuBP, makes 3PGA (C3 pathway)

29
Q

rubisco

A

abundant in plants. massive amounts in leaves. Captured CO2 in the leaf and combines with RuBP to make a 6 C molecule

30
Q

Reduction pathway

A

reduces PGA to GA3P, produces ADP and NADP from NADPH and ATP, and Pi also released

31
Q

glyceraldehyde production

A

GA3P is produced after GA3P

32
Q

Regeneration pathway

A

Ga3P to RuBP, and Pi + ADP produced

33
Q

photorespiration

A

Rubisco’s AS which grabs CO2, can grab C and O which is a problem.
Normally would make PGA, but can also go through oxygenase activity to produce phosphoglycolate which is useless.

34
Q

C4 pathway

A
  • PEPCarboxylase in mesophyll cells
  • forms OA
  • OA to Malate
  • Malate moves to bundle sheath cell
  • Malate decarboxylated to Pyr, CO2 to Calvin (broken in bundle sheath cell)
  • Pyr transported back to mesophyll cell
35
Q

C4 anatomy

A
  • mesophyll cells: well-developed grana (light-capturing)
  • bundle-sheath cells: little or mo grana, much starch
  • Kranz (wreath) anatomy
36
Q

C4 energetics

A
  • C3 pathway: 3 atp
    c4: 5 atp
37
Q

Advantages of C4 pathway:

A
  • PEP carboxylase binds to bicarbonate, not to O2 so no photorespiration in mesophyll (most important)
  • anatomy minimizes overall photorespiration and CO2 loss
  • more efficient at higher temperatures
  • conserves water (due to not having to open stomata much)
  • higher net rates
  • lower N requirements
38
Q

CAM pathway

A
  • uses C3 + C4 , separated temporally
  • used by many arid plants: succulents, cactus, orchid, stonecrop, welwischia, quillwort, some ferns
39
Q

CAM pathway at night

A
  • cooler, stomata open, CO2 enters mesophyll cells
  • PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 to produce OA
  • OA reduced to malate, stored in vacuole
40
Q

CAM pathway during day

A
  • hot, stomata close to conserve water
  • malate decarboxylated, CO2 enters calvin cycle (rubisco)
41
Q

anatomy of CAM plants

A
  • ## spongy mesophyll leaves
42
Q

advantage of CAM

A
  • strongly conserves water
  • photosynthetic capacity is limited during the day, slow growth
43
Q
A

plant biology (38 decks)

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