flowers, fruits, and seeds Flashcards
Describe the variety of flowers
diversity in size,
color,
smell,
location,
time from seed to floweirng,
altitude
geography
three types of times from seed to flowering
annuals (live one season then die) ex: DESERT FLOWER
Biennials (takes two years to complete life cycle)
perennials (long life, longer than 2 years) ex: CENTURY PLANT
rafflesia
smells like rotting meat, one of the largest flowers in the world
surfgrass
flowers underwater
wild ginger
flowers underground
Deschampsia antarctica
antarctic hair grass, grows in antarctica
colobanthus quitensis
antarctic pearlwort, grows in antarctica
whorl
a circular arrangement of three or more similar anatomical parts such as leaves, petals or other plant parts arising from a common point or node at the same level on a stem
Bracts
modified leaf or scale
sometimes they are brighter than the actual flower ex: poinsetta
peduncle
peduncle is a stalk supporting an inflorescence or a solitary flower
pedicel
the “branch” off of the peduncle that holds the flower
receptacle
The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached
sepals (calyx)
small, leaf-shaped, green-coloured and outermost part of the flower
stamen
male, contains filament and anther
filament
The thin stalk that supports the anther in the male portion of the flower.
anther
the part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen
carpels (pistil)
female, contains stigma, style and ovary
stigma
receptive tip of a carpel
style
stalk supporting stigma
ovary
enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the female organ of a flower. The ovary contains ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization. The ovary itself will mature into a fruit, either dry or fleshy, enclosing the seeds.
types of ovary
superior (hypogynous)
Inferior (epigynous)
half-superior (perigynous)
example of plant with inferior ovary
rose hip, zucchini
example superior ovary
trumpet vine
example of symmetrical flower
lily
example of bilaterally symmetrical (irregular)
snow pea
perfect vs incomplete
perfect has carpel and stamen. incomplete is missing either the carpel or the stamen
carpellate
pistillate, has pistils but no stamen. ex is corn
staminate
has stamen and no carpels/pistils. ex lily
monoecious vs dioecious
mono means has both male and female in same spot ex is rose
dioecious has on,y male or female parts. ex is avocado, mulberry, willow
fruits definition
product of mature ovary with or without accessory structures. always come from flowers.
examples are tomato, peach, orange, sycamore hairy achenes, and maple samara
parts of fruit
endocarp is inner layer
exocarp outer layer
mesocarp is middle layer.
all three is the pericarp of the fruit
fleshy fruit
has soft mesocarp
drupe, berry, pome
drupe
fleshy fruit, has one seed, hard endocarp, examples are coconut, avocado, walnut , apricot, cashew, peach
true berries
sing,e ovary, examples are grape, tomato, persimmon, pepper, eggplant
modified berries
more than a sing,e ovary, blueberries, bananas
pepo berry
thick exocarp
squash, melon
hesperidium berry
leather skin, citrus, sacs if juice
oranges, citrus
pome
apples, flower , inferior ovary, flesh from receptacle.
dry fruit
dehiscent, Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents.
indehiscent …They are dry fruits that open up only upon deterioration or spread by consumption by animals. These fruits do not open up at maturity
dehiscent dry fruit types
- capsule… two or more carpels ex is garden poppy
- follicle, … sing,e carpel ex is milkweed
- legume, e is honey locust pod
- silique. … central placenta can also split along ridge ex is mustard
indehiscent dry fruit… archene
examples are dandelion, sunflower, where the base of the seed is attached
indehiscent dry fruit caryopsis
grain, wheat, oats, rye, seed is tightly attached
indehiscent dry fruit …. nut
sing,e carpel, one seed, hard and thick, has involucre (leaf cluster) , examples are acorn, hazelnut , hickory
indehiscent dry fruit… samara
pericarp is tight, extends to a winglike structure.. example is maple winged samara and elm winged smara
inhidescent dry fruit schizocaro
carpels split in half and seed is still bound. examples are carrots and dill
aggregate fruits
multiple independent carpels. examples are blackberries, strawberries, raspberries
multiple fruits
formed from more than one flower. example is pineapple, figs, osage orange fruit
dispersal mechanisms of fruit
wind,
animals,
water,
projection
seed dormancy… what causes it
- thick seed coat
- metabolic inhibitors… compounds in the seed that prevents sprouting. occurs in apple seeds
- vernalization… waiting for spring
dormancy lengths
some seeds can only live for a few years, but there are others that can live much longer like wheat and lotus. Lupin and catchfly can live the longest
dormancy stages
- gibberellins (GA) sends a signal to aleurone (parental cell)
- aleurone secretes alpha amylase and other enzymes. amylase breaks down starch (radicle begins to pop out)
- sugars and other nutrients are consumed (radicle growing)
