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plant biology > flowers, fruits, and seeds > Flashcards

flowers, fruits, and seeds Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the variety of flowers

A

diversity in size,
color,
smell,
location,
time from seed to floweirng,
altitude
geography

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2
Q

three types of times from seed to flowering

A

annuals (live one season then die) ex: DESERT FLOWER
Biennials (takes two years to complete life cycle)
perennials (long life, longer than 2 years) ex: CENTURY PLANT

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3
Q

rafflesia

A

smells like rotting meat, one of the largest flowers in the world

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4
Q

surfgrass

A

flowers underwater

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5
Q

wild ginger

A

flowers underground

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6
Q

Deschampsia antarctica

A

antarctic hair grass, grows in antarctica

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7
Q

colobanthus quitensis

A

antarctic pearlwort, grows in antarctica

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8
Q

whorl

A

a circular arrangement of three or more similar anatomical parts such as leaves, petals or other plant parts arising from a common point or node at the same level on a stem

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9
Q

Bracts

A

modified leaf or scale
sometimes they are brighter than the actual flower ex: poinsetta

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10
Q

peduncle

A

peduncle is a stalk supporting an inflorescence or a solitary flower

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11
Q

pedicel

A

the “branch” off of the peduncle that holds the flower

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12
Q

receptacle

A

The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached

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13
Q

sepals (calyx)

A

small, leaf-shaped, green-coloured and outermost part of the flower

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14
Q

stamen

A

male, contains filament and anther

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15
Q

filament

A

The thin stalk that supports the anther in the male portion of the flower.

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16
Q

anther

A

the part of a stamen that produces and contains pollen

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17
Q

carpels (pistil)

A

female, contains stigma, style and ovary

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18
Q

stigma

A

receptive tip of a carpel

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19
Q

style

A

stalk supporting stigma

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20
Q

ovary

A

enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the female organ of a flower. The ovary contains ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization. The ovary itself will mature into a fruit, either dry or fleshy, enclosing the seeds.

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21
Q

types of ovary

A

superior (hypogynous)
Inferior (epigynous)
half-superior (perigynous)

22
Q

example of plant with inferior ovary

A

rose hip, zucchini

23
Q

example superior ovary

A

trumpet vine

24
Q

example of symmetrical flower

A

lily

25
Q

example of bilaterally symmetrical (irregular)

A

snow pea

26
Q
A
27
Q

perfect vs incomplete

A

perfect has carpel and stamen. incomplete is missing either the carpel or the stamen

28
Q

carpellate

A

pistillate, has pistils but no stamen. ex is corn

29
Q

staminate

A

has stamen and no carpels/pistils. ex lily

30
Q

monoecious vs dioecious

A

mono means has both male and female in same spot ex is rose
dioecious has on,y male or female parts. ex is avocado, mulberry, willow

31
Q

fruits definition

A

product of mature ovary with or without accessory structures. always come from flowers.
examples are tomato, peach, orange, sycamore hairy achenes, and maple samara

32
Q

parts of fruit

A

endocarp is inner layer
exocarp outer layer
mesocarp is middle layer.

all three is the pericarp of the fruit

33
Q

fleshy fruit

A

has soft mesocarp
drupe, berry, pome

34
Q

drupe

A

fleshy fruit, has one seed, hard endocarp, examples are coconut, avocado, walnut , apricot, cashew, peach

35
Q

true berries

A

sing,e ovary, examples are grape, tomato, persimmon, pepper, eggplant

36
Q

modified berries

A

more than a sing,e ovary, blueberries, bananas

37
Q

pepo berry

A

thick exocarp
squash, melon

38
Q

hesperidium berry

A

leather skin, citrus, sacs if juice
oranges, citrus

39
Q

pome

A

apples, flower , inferior ovary, flesh from receptacle.

40
Q

dry fruit

A

dehiscent, Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents.

indehiscent …They are dry fruits that open up only upon deterioration or spread by consumption by animals. These fruits do not open up at maturity

41
Q

dehiscent dry fruit types

A
  • capsule… two or more carpels ex is garden poppy
  • follicle, … sing,e carpel ex is milkweed
  • legume, e is honey locust pod
  • silique. … central placenta can also split along ridge ex is mustard
42
Q

indehiscent dry fruit… archene

A

examples are dandelion, sunflower, where the base of the seed is attached

43
Q

indehiscent dry fruit caryopsis

A

grain, wheat, oats, rye, seed is tightly attached

44
Q

indehiscent dry fruit …. nut

A

sing,e carpel, one seed, hard and thick, has involucre (leaf cluster) , examples are acorn, hazelnut , hickory

45
Q

indehiscent dry fruit… samara

A

pericarp is tight, extends to a winglike structure.. example is maple winged samara and elm winged smara

46
Q

inhidescent dry fruit schizocaro

A

carpels split in half and seed is still bound. examples are carrots and dill

47
Q

aggregate fruits

A

multiple independent carpels. examples are blackberries, strawberries, raspberries

48
Q

multiple fruits

A

formed from more than one flower. example is pineapple, figs, osage orange fruit

49
Q

dispersal mechanisms of fruit

A

wind,
animals,
water,
projection

50
Q

seed dormancy… what causes it

A
  • thick seed coat
  • metabolic inhibitors… compounds in the seed that prevents sprouting. occurs in apple seeds
  • vernalization… waiting for spring
51
Q

dormancy lengths

A

some seeds can only live for a few years, but there are others that can live much longer like wheat and lotus. Lupin and catchfly can live the longest

52
Q

dormancy stages

A
  1. gibberellins (GA) sends a signal to aleurone (parental cell)
  2. aleurone secretes alpha amylase and other enzymes. amylase breaks down starch (radicle begins to pop out)
  3. sugars and other nutrients are consumed (radicle growing)

plant biology (38 decks)

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