leaves

Question 1

basic parts

Answer 1

blade or lamina

Question 2

lamina/blade

Answer 2

flat part of leaf.

Question 3

petiole

Answer 3

base/stalk of a leaf… if not present, known as a sessile leaf (unstalked)

Question 4

veins

Answer 4

thickened bundles of vascular tissue of the leaf

Question 5

hydaphodes

Answer 5

open veins in a leaf, not plugged in the leaf.
examples: guttation from hydathodes, releasing water

Question 6

stipules

Answer 6

small leaf at base of big leaf, can be estipulate if no stipule present

Question 7

abscission layer

Answer 7

layer of cells at base of petiole, weakens and breaks during leaf drop season.

Question 8

simple leaves

Answer 8

have only one blade…

Question 9

reticulate venation

Answer 9

common for dicots, complex network of veins, some examples are palmate, pinnate,

Question 10

parallel venation

Answer 10

parallel veins

Question 11

dichotomous venation

Answer 11

dichotonous veination veins splitting

Question 12

compound leaves

Answer 12

more than one blade, hard to distinguish compound leaves from a whorl: look for the petiole, look for axillary bud

Question 13

pinnately compound

Answer 13

petiole continues as a rachus (extension of the petiole, contains leaflets)

Question 14

alternate leaves

Question 15

opposite leaves

Question 16

whorled leaves

Question 17

three types of tissue in leaves

Answer 17

epidermis, mesophyll, vascular tissue

Question 18

epidermis of leaves

Answer 18

• single layer of cells all over the leaf,
• epidermis has no chlorophyll
• cells secrete cutin, which is used to make a cuticle on the surface of the leaf

Question 19

three types of epidermal cells

Answer 19

typical
guard cell - swell up when taking in water, includes stomata
gland cell - secretes something, have different shapes

Question 20

stomata

Answer 20

more common on the underside of the leaf, considered to be why there is more hair ot he bottom of leaf

floating leaves do not have on the underside, so they have stomata on the top of their leaves.

Question 21

mesophyll cells in DICOTS

Answer 21

chlorenchyma cells
this is where photosynthesis takes place

• palisade mesophyll: tightly packed post like cells
• spongy mesophyll: moist, must be regulated because if dry out the stomata close.

Question 22

mesophyll in MONOCOTS

Answer 22

dont have different types of mesophyll cells, bulliform cells line the inner shaft of mesophyll, if full of water the bulbiform will expannd and open up the leaf

Question 23

leaves changing in the fall… tannins

Answer 23

occurs by different pathways…
- chlorophyll is broken down, chlorophyll is transported into the roots so that other colors can show through.

• simplest, which is brown, is drab.
• tannins give the tan protein, which gives tan / brown colored leaves.

Question 24

tannins

Answer 24

-brown

Question 25

carotenoids

Answer 25

- carotenes: yellow or orange - xanthophylls: pale yellow..

Question 26

anthocyanin, betacyani

Answer 26

not associated with photosynthesis, water soluble, found in vacuoles. Anthocyanins are red If alkaline, cell sap is blue. if neutral, is intermediate color betacyanin: red, less common, water soluble. Can be in beets, cactus, amaranth

Question 27

cell sap

Answer 27

material in central vacuolec

Question 28

change in color

Answer 28

as chlorophyll goes away, can see other colors better.

Question 29

abcission

Answer 29

preparing for and taking place of leaf dropping. As leaf grows, special patch of cells in abcission zone function is surpressed in summer. Hormonally triggered changes in this zone,

Question 30

separation layer

Answer 30

distal to protective layer, cells become weak, secrete proteins that breaks down middle lamella (which attaches cells together), so cells become loose from each other. After this happens, most of the petiole is no longer attached and vascular bundle hangs on loosely. When wind comes along, vascular bundle snaps and abcission takes place (leaf falls)

Question 31

sun vs shade leaf

Answer 31

sun: leaves are thicker shade: thinnder

Question 32

leaves from arid areas

Answer 32

leaves reduced in size, (leaves can be spines), or thick/leathery to reduce water loss, reduced stomata

Question 33

submerged plants

Answer 33

little xyla, not a lot of pallasaid perenchyma , underwater leaves may be dramatically different (smaller deeper in water, large leaves closer to surface), less vascular tissue

Question 33

tendrils

Answer 33

modified leaves, support plant by wrapping, in grapes it is the stem

Question 33

storage leaves

Answer 33

succulents store water within leaves iceplant (hottentot fig)

Question 34

spines

Answer 34

stipules of leaf forms spines, barberry, black locus

Question 35

reproductive leaves

Answer 35

kalenchoe: serrated edges of leaf, has babies between the edges, can drop these and they form their own life

Question 36

bracts

Answer 36

specialized leaves associated with flowers often, may be leaf like,

Question 37

pitcher plant

Answer 37

can capture prey (insects) that have nitrogen, predatory plant, secrete nectar near the rim and fluid near bottom. Insects fall in and cannot climb up the sides, digestive enzymes

Question 38

sundew

Answer 38

has hairs that secrete sticky fluid, insects get caught, digestive enzymes digest insect

Question 39

venus flytrap

Answer 39

only grows naturally in bogs of the carolinas. Hinged, leaves close to trap the fly

Question 40

bladderworts

Answer 40

small aquatic plants, bumps have a chamber that is sealed and vaccuumed. If an insect touches it, a trap door opens and they get sucked inside to digest them

Question 41

butterwort

Answer 41

leaves look like butter, insects get stuck there and get digested

Question 42

begonia leaf

Answer 42

chloroplast reflects blue light, increase absorbance of green and yellow.

Question 43

human uses for leaves

Answer 43

shade, photosynthesis, food, plates, protection, spices, dyes, fibers, (hemp, agave, palm tree), oils (tea tree, lavendar, eukalyptus, orange)

Question 44

drugs

Answer 44

belladonna: atropine, scopalamine (sea sickness) foxglove : digitalis, stimulates heart tobacco: nicotine in roots, marijuana: THC, CBD, oil caffeine: insecticide, increases alertness, neuological effects, addictive to bees,

Question 45

insecticides

Answer 45

bay leaves: repels pests neem tree: has medicinal properties in the oil, indigenous people in india know about it, and did not want westerners selling it for profit

Question 46

aesthetic