Phonology: functioning and patterning of sounds

Question 1

phonology

Answer 1

study of how sounds vary and pattern in a language

Question 2

study of phonology includes studying:

Answer 2

segment contrasts
minimal pairs
complimentary distributions
features

Question 3

contrast

Answer 3

segments contrast when their presence alone is responsible for different meanings

Question 4

minimal pairs

Answer 4

two phonetic forms that differ by one segment in the same position gives different meanings
/p:b/ pat / bat

Question 5

distribution is complimentary when

Answer 5

never occur in same context
not same context = comp distr. = same sound

Question 6

distribution is NOT complimentary when

Answer 6

occur in same phonetic context
same context = not comp distr. = different sounds

Question 7

distinctive features

Answer 7

20 features that permit description of all sounds of all of the languages in the world

Question 8

binary features

Answer 8

present or absent

Question 9

distinctive features can help describe phonological rules

Answer 9

know distinctive set of sounds for language
learn rules that describe changes that take place in sounds when they occur with other sounds

Question 10

natural classes

Answer 10

smaller number of features required to define class of phoneme
more features required to define individual phoneme

Question 11

phonetic representation

Answer 11

used to show how a speaker produces a sound

Question 12

phonemic representation

Answer 12

show underlying phonological rule

Question 13

formal phonological rules

Answer 13

relate phonemic representation to phonetic representation
part of speakers knowledge of language
part of mental grammar but not represented in symbols
written for all languages

Question 14

tone language

Answer 14

syllables or words are contrasted by pitch

Question 15

intonation languages

Answer 15

pitch and suprasegmentals distinguish meaning

Question 16

phonemes and allophones

Answer 16

units of representation in phonology
used to capture speaker knowledge of how sounds behave in language

Question 17

phoneme

Answer 17

way sounds are stored in mind
underlying representation

Question 18

allophone

Answer 18

way sounds are produced
individual members of the languages sound system
surface representation

Question 19

separate phonemes

Answer 19

contrastive
unpredictable distribution
easily perceived by native
may not be phonetically similar

Question 20

same phoneme

Answer 20

non contrastive
predictable
not easily different perceived
always phonetically similar

Question 21

Problem solving flow chart

Answer 21

minimal pairs?
- yes - allophones of separate phonemes
- no
- complimentary distribution?
- yes - allophones of same phoneme
- no - allophones of separate phonemes

Question 22

reflexive cry (birth)

Answer 22

first sounds

Question 23

differentiated cry

Answer 23

identified by mothers by 3-4 months

Question 24

cooing and laughing

Answer 24

vowel like productions
2 months, mouth movements more specific

Question 25

transitional/marginal babbling

Answer 25

5 months single syllable vowel and consonant like sounds

Question 26

reduplicated/true babbling

Answer 26

6 months repetition of consonant-vowel syllables

Question 27

0-1 month

Answer 27

lack of consonants vowels restricted vocal resonance

Question 28

2-3 months

Answer 28

some fully resonant vowels velar/uvular approximation "going" glides and nasals appear (/w/ /j/ /m/ /n/ ng)

Question 29

4-6 months

Answer 29

frequent use of vowels labial approximation some fricatives squealing, growling, yelling

Question 30

5-6 months

Answer 30

marginal babbling (slow alteration between vowels and consonants)

Question 31

phonological development 7-12 months

Answer 31

echolalia variegated babbling jargon babblinig vocables or protowords

Question 32

echolalia

Answer 32

imitation of sounds and syllables continues past 12 months

Question 33

variegated babbling

Answer 33

changes in CV1Cv2 combinations

Question 34

jargon babbling

Answer 34

intonational changes similar to sentences

Question 35

vocables or protowords

Answer 35

distinct to each child, phonetically consistent forms

Question 36

first true word

Answer 36

12 months

Question 37

7-10 months

Answer 37

reduplicated babbling timing like more mature speech some VC and CVC vocables

Question 38

11-12 months

Answer 38

variegated babbling gibberish stops, glides, and nasals predominate consonants voiced more common

Question 39

12-18 months

Answer 39

first words labials and nasals /h/ and /w/ first vowels /I/ /a/ /u/ monosyllabic

Question 40

18-24 months

Answer 40

rapid phonological development no universal order of acquisition loss of devoicing of final consonant lengthening of vowels before final consonant expansion of phonemic system

Question 41

syllable structure

Answer 41

unit consisting of one or more elements segments must contain sonorant element (vowels) and any less sonorant element (consonants)

Question 42

nucleus

Answer 42

vowel

Question 43

onset

Answer 43

before nucleus (3)

Question 44

coda

Answer 44

after nucleus (4)

Question 45

rhyme

Answer 45

nucleus and coda

Question 46

phonotactics

Answer 46

set of constraints on which segments can occur together

Question 47

phonological processes

Answer 47

can be used to identify phonological vs articulatory errors when past age where they usually resolve remediate sound productions

Question 48

phonological processing

Answer 48

phonological memory phonological awareness phonological access

Question 49

phonological memory

Answer 49

average adult - 7 items

Question 50

phonological awareness

Answer 50

preschool (4-5) - syllable level skills rhyming - 3 -4 yo kindergarten and first - (6-7) sound level

Question 51

phonological access (oral production accuracy and speed)

Answer 51

adults 13-15 words/min

Question 52

auditory perception Birth-6mos

Answer 52

preference for vowel native language discrimination of sounds at 1 month

Question 53

auditory perception 6 mos

Answer 53

recognize and imitate intonation patterns discrimination of sound sentences 6-7 months

Question 54

auditory perception 8-10 mos

Answer 54

limited to sounds of native language