Phonology: functioning and patterning of sounds Flashcards
phonology
study of how sounds vary and pattern in a language
study of phonology includes studying:
segment contrasts
minimal pairs
complimentary distributions
features
contrast
segments contrast when their presence alone is responsible for different meanings
minimal pairs
two phonetic forms that differ by one segment in the same position gives different meanings
/p:b/ pat / bat
distribution is complimentary when
never occur in same context
not same context = comp distr. = same sound
distribution is NOT complimentary when
occur in same phonetic context
same context = not comp distr. = different sounds
distinctive features
20 features that permit description of all sounds of all of the languages in the world
binary features
present or absent
distinctive features can help describe phonological rules
know distinctive set of sounds for language
learn rules that describe changes that take place in sounds when they occur with other sounds
natural classes
smaller number of features required to define class of phoneme
more features required to define individual phoneme
phonetic representation
used to show how a speaker produces a sound
phonemic representation
show underlying phonological rule
formal phonological rules
relate phonemic representation to phonetic representation
part of speakers knowledge of language
part of mental grammar but not represented in symbols
written for all languages
tone language
syllables or words are contrasted by pitch
intonation languages
pitch and suprasegmentals distinguish meaning
phonemes and allophones
units of representation in phonology
used to capture speaker knowledge of how sounds behave in language
phoneme
way sounds are stored in mind
underlying representation
allophone
way sounds are produced
individual members of the languages sound system
surface representation
separate phonemes
contrastive
unpredictable distribution
easily perceived by native
may not be phonetically similar
same phoneme
non contrastive
predictable
not easily different perceived
always phonetically similar
Problem solving flow chart
minimal pairs?
- yes - allophones of separate phonemes
- no
- complimentary distribution?
- yes - allophones of same phoneme
- no - allophones of separate phonemes
reflexive cry (birth)
first sounds
differentiated cry
identified by mothers by 3-4 months
cooing and laughing
vowel like productions
2 months, mouth movements more specific
transitional/marginal babbling
5 months
single syllable
vowel and consonant like sounds
reduplicated/true babbling
6 months
repetition of consonant-vowel syllables
0-1 month
lack of consonants
vowels
restricted vocal resonance
2-3 months
some fully resonant vowels
velar/uvular approximation
“going”
glides and nasals appear (/w/ /j/ /m/ /n/ ng)
4-6 months
frequent use of vowels
labial approximation
some fricatives
squealing, growling, yelling
5-6 months
marginal babbling (slow alteration between vowels and consonants)
phonological development 7-12 months
echolalia
variegated babbling
jargon babblinig
vocables or protowords
echolalia
imitation of sounds and syllables continues past 12 months
variegated babbling
changes in CV1Cv2 combinations
jargon babbling
intonational changes similar to sentences
vocables or protowords
distinct to each child, phonetically consistent forms
first true word
12 months
7-10 months
reduplicated babbling
timing like more mature speech
some VC and CVC
vocables
11-12 months
variegated babbling
gibberish
stops, glides, and nasals predominate consonants
voiced more common
12-18 months
first words
labials and nasals /h/ and /w/
first vowels /I/ /a/ /u/
monosyllabic
18-24 months
rapid phonological development
no universal order of acquisition
loss of devoicing of final consonant
lengthening of vowels before final consonant
expansion of phonemic system
syllable structure
unit consisting of one or more elements segments
must contain sonorant element (vowels) and any less sonorant element (consonants)
nucleus
vowel
onset
before nucleus
(3)
coda
after nucleus
(4)
rhyme
nucleus and coda
phonotactics
set of constraints on which segments can occur together
phonological processes
can be used to identify phonological vs articulatory errors when past age where they usually resolve
remediate sound productions
phonological processing
phonological memory
phonological awareness
phonological access
phonological memory
average adult - 7 items
phonological awareness
preschool (4-5) - syllable level skills
rhyming - 3 -4 yo
kindergarten and first - (6-7) sound level
phonological access (oral production accuracy and speed)
adults 13-15 words/min
auditory perception Birth-6mos
preference for vowel native language
discrimination of sounds at 1 month
auditory perception 6 mos
recognize and imitate intonation patterns
discrimination of sound sentences 6-7 months
auditory perception 8-10 mos
limited to sounds of native language
